BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

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forced to pay for the costs of their medical mistakes, they will be more careful to make sure that mistakes do not happen in the first place. Confidentiality violation as a form of malpractice The ethical principle of confidentiality requires that information shared by the client with the therapist in the course of treatment is not shared with others. This is important for the therapeutic alliance, as it promotes an environment of trust. However, there are important exceptions to confidentiality, namely where it conflicts with the clinician's duty to warn or duty to protect. This includes instances of suicidal or homicidal ideation, child abuse, elder abuse and dependent adult abuse. Confidentiality shows a respect for an individual's autonomy and their right to control the information relating to their own health. In keeping information about the patient secret the doctor is acting beneficently. Disclosing information without the patient's consent can damage the patient. For instance if a doctor were to reveal privileged information about a celebrity patient to the newspapers then this would be the very reverse of beneficent i.e. maleficent. Drug misuse Drug misuse is a term used commonly for prescription medications with clinical efficacy but abuse potential and known adverse effects linked to improper use, such as psychiatric medications with sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, or stimulant properties. Prescription misuse has been variably and inconsistently defined based on drug prescription status, the uses that occur without a prescription, intentional use to achieve intoxicating effects, route of administration, co-ingestion with alcohol, and the presence or absence of abuse or dependence symptoms. Tolerance relates to the pharmacological property of substances in which chronic use leads to a change in the central nervous system, meaning that more of the substance is needed in order to produce desired effects. Stopping or reducing the use of this substance would cause withdrawal symptoms to occur. Self-medication It is a term used to describe the use of drugs other self-soothing forms of behavior to treat untreated and often undiagnosed distress. Every day, everywhere, consumers reach for self-care products to help them through their common health problems. They do so because it may be easier for them, it may be more cost or time efficient, they may not feel their situation merits making an appointment with a healthcare 69
professional, or they may have few or no other options. Self medication can be very dangerous for the health of people, because of delaying of professional aid, addiction, adverse effects of substance consumed. In condition when there is evidence that consumer can and do practice selfmedication, which can be harmful, the obligation of governments is to elaborate a responsible framework for self-medication. In this circumstance The World Medical Association (WMA) has developed the statement to provide guidance to physicians and their patients regarding responsible self-medication. This statement is adopted by the 53rd WMA General Assembly, Washington, DC, USA, October 2002. 1. Distinction between Self-Medication and Prescription Medicines a. Medicinal products can generally be divided into two separate categories: prescription and non-prescription medicines. This classification may differ from country to country. The national authorities must assure that medicines, categorized as non-prescription medicines, are sufficiently safe not to be harmful to health. b. Prescription medicines are those which are only available to individuals on prescription from a physician following a consultation. Prescription medicines are not safe for use except under the supervision of a physician because of toxicity, other potential or harmful effects (e.g. addictiveness), the method of use, or the collateral measures necessary for use. c. Responsible self-medication, as used in this document, is the use of a registered or monographed medicine legally available without a physician’s prescription, either on an individual’s own initiative or following advice of a healthcare professional. The use of prescription medicines without a prior medical prescription is not part of responsible self-medication. d. The safety, efficacy and quality of non-prescription medicines must be proved according to the same principles as prescription medicines. 2. Use of Self-Medication in conjunction with Prescription Medication A course of treatment may combine self-medication and prescription medication, either concurrently or sequentially. The patient must be informed about possible interactions between prescription medicines and non-prescription medicines. For this reason the patient 70
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STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
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CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
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6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
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1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
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Although it usually emphasizes the
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example of how important the nervou
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in order to satisfy it. The further
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arrangements of ideas accordingly w
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To clarify the concept of emotions,
Page 19 and 20: we have to mention the concert fact
Page 21 and 22: 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
Page 23 and 24: the information through to the righ
Page 25 and 26: 4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
Page 27 and 28: 2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
Page 29 and 30: Some of the fundamental characteris
Page 31 and 32: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
Page 33 and 34: These basic elements he named endom
Page 35 and 36: Other people were strong in two ele
Page 37 and 38: The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
Page 39 and 40: intent expression. They have a late
Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
Page 43 and 44: The Introverted Intuition Type - is
Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
Page 55 and 56: The scope of practice for a Nurse P
Page 57 and 58: undergoing minor or intermediate pr
Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
Page 61 and 62: Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
Page 63 and 64: transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
Page 65 and 66: All these approaches mentioned abov
Page 67 and 68: accurate and as unbiased a manner a
Page 69: health care facilities, pharmaceuti
Page 73 and 74: users of self-medication are well i
Page 75 and 76: Communication as understanding: “
Page 77 and 78: developed his ideas in a 1963 book
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Page 83 and 84: the community. Nowadays Health comm
Page 85 and 86: • Good communication helps the pa
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Page 89 and 90: Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
Page 91 and 92: constructed communication systems s
Page 93 and 94: During intense verbal abuse, the vi
Page 95 and 96: style of delivering a message - for
Page 97 and 98: o Many Asian cultures suppress faci
Page 99 and 100: or a decrease in a backwards lean a
Page 101 and 102: There are some cultural differences
Page 103 and 104: music affect the behavior of commun
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Page 109 and 110: Anything that is exaggerated or ove
Page 111 and 112: 4. Describe the elements of body la
Page 113 and 114: Will eat anything. Especially likes
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Page 117 and 118: development as effective communicat
Page 119 and 120: family. In many cases, these stereo
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from experience, perception or reas
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Indirect discrimination is often le
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Russification: Under the Russian Em
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about what they are going to say ne
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"You are frustrated because dealing
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human failings, such as tiredness a
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conflict, and ambiguity and struggl
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7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
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actor that you are proper, polite,
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diverse communities. The difference
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making unpopular decisions which ne
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Identify a safe place to meet and n
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develop. One should respond slowly
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146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
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Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
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2. If person becomes addicted, the
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Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
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weight gain a likely possibility, s
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contemporary social conditions. Dem
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5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
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