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absorption may be so intense that the individual may not know the month or day or the place where he is staying. 5. Delusions and hallucinations; in most cases the former characteristics are accompanied by delusions. The most common are beliefs that other persons are trying to control his thoughts, he may become suspicious of friends (paranoid), this is the reason why Robert Kennedy was assassinated. The results of schizophrenia are many and varied, but these are the main characteristics. Not everybody has the same opinion about the causes of schizophrenia, but some factors have certainly influence on schizophrenics. Disturbed home life and early trauma are frequently found in the background of schizophrenics. The early death of one or more parents, emotionally disturbed parents and strife between parents are found with greater frequency in the background of schizophrenics. 3. Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain now considered a leading cause of dementia. Alzheimer's disease was first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906, it affects an estimated 2.5 to 3 million people in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the number of individuals with this condition is estimated to rise to over 1 million by the year 2010. Percentage rates (cases per 100 individuals of 65 years and over) worldwide vary considerably between 0.6 in China to 10.3 in Massachusetts, United States. The incidence of the disease increases with advancing age, but there is no evidence that it is caused by the aging process. The average life expectancy of people with the disease is between five and ten years, although many patients now survive 15 years or more due to improvements in care and medical treatment. The cause of this disease has not been discovered, although palliative therapy is available. The ability of doctors to diagnose Alzheimer's disease has improved in recent years, but this remains a process of elimination and final diagnosis can be confirmed only by post-mortem. Alzheimer's patients show nerve cell loss in the parts of the brain associated with cognitive functioning. The hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease include the formation of abnormal proteins. Alzheimer's disease is also characterized by profound deficits in the brain's neurotransmitters which has been linked with memory function. 23
4. Autism Autism (from the Greek word autos, which means self) is a severe infant disorder of behavior that develops before the age of three. The term is used to describe many types of mental disorders, but, as originally named in 1943 by the American child psychologist Leo Kanner, early infantile autism describes a rare cluster of symptoms. Its incidence is approximately 1 in 2,500. An autistic child is unable to use language meaningfully or to process information from the environment. About half of all autistic children are mute, and those who speak often only repeat what they have heard. The term autism refers to their vacant, withdrawn appearance, but its connotation of voluntary detachment is inappropriate. Other characteristics of autism include an uneven pattern of development, a fascination with mechanical objects, a ritualistic response to environmental stimuli, and a resistance to any change in the environment. Some autistic children have precocious ability, such as mathematical skills. The cause, prognosis, and treatment of autism are still under study. Research suggests a genetic defect as the cause of the disorder, which may be some form of autoimmune disease or degenerative disease of nerve cells in the brain. The best treatment is special education, stressing learning in small groups, and strict behavioral control of the child. Treatment with drugs such as fenfluramine and haloperidol is also being tested. In general, prognosis is poor for those autistic children who remain mute past the age of five. Children who speak fare better, and some of them recover. 5. Phobias Phobias are excessive fears in specific situations when there is no real danger or fears that are totally out of proportions. Most of the time the person with a phobia realizes that his fear is irrational and illogical but he still feels anxiety. Avoiding the feared situation can only relieve this anxiety. Most of us are afraid for something; snakes, heights, doctors, injury or death are the most reported fears. But a fear is different from a phobia. A fear is usually not diagnosed as a phobia unless it causes big problems in the person's daily life. An example of this is a person with a phobia for enclosed places, he/she will notice his/her phobia when he/she want to use elevators. There are a number of explanations about how phobias develop. Some phobias may result from frightening experiences. For example, you 24
Page 1 and 2: STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
Page 3 and 4: CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
Page 5 and 6: 6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
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Page 9 and 10: Although it usually emphasizes the
Page 11 and 12: example of how important the nervou
Page 13 and 14: in order to satisfy it. The further
Page 15 and 16: arrangements of ideas accordingly w
Page 17 and 18: To clarify the concept of emotions,
Page 19 and 20: we have to mention the concert fact
Page 21 and 22: 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
Page 23: the information through to the righ
Page 27 and 28: 2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
Page 29 and 30: Some of the fundamental characteris
Page 31 and 32: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
Page 33 and 34: These basic elements he named endom
Page 35 and 36: Other people were strong in two ele
Page 37 and 38: The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
Page 39 and 40: intent expression. They have a late
Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
Page 43 and 44: The Introverted Intuition Type - is
Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
Page 55 and 56: The scope of practice for a Nurse P
Page 57 and 58: undergoing minor or intermediate pr
Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
Page 61 and 62: Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
Page 63 and 64: transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
Page 65 and 66: All these approaches mentioned abov
Page 67 and 68: accurate and as unbiased a manner a
Page 69 and 70: health care facilities, pharmaceuti
Page 71 and 72: professional, or they may have few
Page 73 and 74: users of self-medication are well i
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Communication as understanding: “
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developed his ideas in a 1963 book
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perception, unclear message, social
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The conative function is allocated
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the community. Nowadays Health comm
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• Good communication helps the pa
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The efficiency in accomplishment of
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Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
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constructed communication systems s
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During intense verbal abuse, the vi
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style of delivering a message - for
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o Many Asian cultures suppress faci
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or a decrease in a backwards lean a
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There are some cultural differences
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music affect the behavior of commun
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conversations at the same time, and
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the information sent when trying to
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Anything that is exaggerated or ove
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4. Describe the elements of body la
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Will eat anything. Especially likes
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taken from the message (instruction
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development as effective communicat
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family. In many cases, these stereo
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from experience, perception or reas
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Indirect discrimination is often le
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Russification: Under the Russian Em
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about what they are going to say ne
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"You are frustrated because dealing
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human failings, such as tiredness a
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conflict, and ambiguity and struggl
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7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
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actor that you are proper, polite,
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diverse communities. The difference
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making unpopular decisions which ne
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Identify a safe place to meet and n
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develop. One should respond slowly
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146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
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Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
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2. If person becomes addicted, the
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Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
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weight gain a likely possibility, s
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contemporary social conditions. Dem
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5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
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