14508/09 ADD 1 PL/vk 1 DG G COUNCIL OF THE ... - Europa

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Employment alone is not enough to protect single parents from poverty. In many countries the high poverty rates experienced by lone mothers coexist with an employment rate which matches or exceeds those of mothers in couple households yet still leaves lone mothers exposed to greater poverty risks (Fagan et al.2006). The risk of poverty for single parents is smallest in Denmark (17 %), Finland (22 %) and Sweden (24%). However, single parents in these countries are still economically disadvantaged compared with two-parent households, in Sweden they are also poorer when compared with elderly women. More than half of the single parents in Malta (54 %) are at-risk-of-poverty, which is the highest rate, followed by Luxembourg (54%), Estonia and UK (44 %), Lithuania (42 %) and Ireland (40 %) (EU-SILC 2007). Women in the EU MS, whether they are employed or unemployed, young or older, have a less secure life situation than men. Women face a greater risk than men of falling into poverty and this is especially the case for women from more vulnerable or marginalised groups (migrant and ethnic minority women, disabled women). For women entry into poverty mainly reflects family- and job- related events such as childbirth, divorce and widowhood. Indicator 3: An inactive person is defined as a person inactive in the labour market. It does not however mean that persons who are in this category are inactive in general. They can for example be taking care of children or incapacitated adults, doing domestic work or studying. The proportion of economically inactive women and men aged from 15-24 years is between 60 and 80 % in several countries (Eurostat, EU-LFS, 2007). Country differences arise from differences in national education systems and school leaving ages and from rates of unemployment (Rubery et al. 2004). The differences between women and men are limited. The gender gap in the share of inactive persons is lowest in Sweden (-1 %), Finland (0 %) and the Netherlands (1 %) and highest in Slovenia, Latvia and Estonia (12 %). A higher share of “inactive” women might be a result of women studying longer than men. The share of inactive women in the age category 25-49 ranges from 10 % in Slovenia and 52 % in Malta and the gap between women and men differs ranges from 3 % in Slovenia to 48 % in Malta (Eurostat, EU-LFS, 2007). It is in this age category we find the highest share of women and men in employment, but also where childcare responsibilities for women are the most intensive. The gender inactivity gap is 15 % in EU27; it ranges from 3 % in Slovenia to 48 % in Malta. 14508/09 ADD 1 PL/vk 54 ANNEX DG G EN
In most EU countries the retirement age is now the same for women as for men (Fagan et al. 2006 Table 3.6). Austria, Estonia, the Czech Republic and Poland do not have the same retirement age for men and women. The retirement age is set somewhere between 60 and 67 years, however, the average exit age of both sexes is almost universally lower than the official retirement age, especially for women. Retirement is an important reason as to why the share of inactive persons increases among persons aged 50-64. Also in this age category the disparity between countries is significant. Twenty percent of women in Sweden are inactive, while the corresponding share in Malta is 83 %. The gap between women and men is smallest in Finland (-1 %) and largest in Malta (45 %) (Eurostat, EU-LFS, 2007). The indicator which might reflect women’s economic vulnerability best is the share of women who are outside the labour market and not looking for work due to family or personal reasons and caring for children or incapacitated adults. Many of these women do not have any income of their own. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Bulgaria and Latvia it is more common for women to be outside the labour market because they are taking care of children or incapacitated adults than because of family or personal reasons. In Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus, Spain and Greece it is the other way around (see figure 4.1.3). 25 Many women lack individual incomes and suffer from inadequate social protection. This is especially the case among migrant, ethnic minority and disabled women and this is one of the reasons why these groups of women face a higher risk of poverty. 4.1.4. Trends emphasised in Member States' reporting to the UNECE In their reports, some MS mention that living standards have risen lately, but also that income differences have grown. All MS report that women continue to be more affected by poverty than men, especially single mothers and women 65 years and older living in one-person households. The reasons for this are women’s shorter employment periods, caring for children, lower salaries and longer life expectancy. 25 Data from Estonia, France, Ireland and the UK are lacking. 14508/09 ADD 1 PL/vk 55 ANNEX DG G EN
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COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Bruss
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: 5.8. Institutional Mechanisms for t
Page 7 and 8: The present report Beijing + 15: Th
Page 9 and 10: 2.1.2. Structures for Gender Equali
Page 11 and 12: The Regulation establishing a Europ
Page 13 and 14: The proposal to amend the Directive
Page 15 and 16: 2.2.3. Financial resources for gend
Page 17 and 18: Integration of gender issues in the
Page 19 and 20: - Childcare facilities: possibility
Page 21 and 22: Key findings from the second report
Page 23 and 24: Gender equality issues are cross-cu
Page 25 and 26: Guidelines for the improvement of w
Page 27 and 28: With regard to financing, in additi
Page 29 and 30: High Level Group on Gender Equality
Page 31 and 32: 2.5.1. EWL activities related to th
Page 33 and 34: Women and the media In 2006, the EW
Page 35 and 36: • Indicator 1. Status of governme
Page 37 and 38: Indicator 2: Adequate resources are
Page 39 and 40: All Member States also have some fo
Page 41 and 42: 3.3.3. Gender mainstreaming The leg
Page 43 and 44: There are different methods or tech
Page 45 and 46: violence (for example trafficking f
Page 47 and 48: IV IMPLEMENTATIONS OF ACTIONS IN TH
Page 49 and 50: The strategic objectives are expres
Page 51 and 52: 4.1.3. Trends emerging from EU-wide
Page 53: have not made payments to pension s
Page 57 and 58: 4.2 Education and Training of Women
Page 59 and 60: All EU MS show a pattern in which m
Page 61 and 62: Some women with low education may f
Page 63 and 64: overall. Today girls and women have
Page 65 and 66: Indicator1: measures the number of
Page 67 and 68: Latvia had the greatest proportion
Page 69 and 70: 4.4 Violence against women (D) 4.4.
Page 71 and 72: This was one of the conclusions dra
Page 73 and 74: Some of the measures that have been
Page 75 and 76: The reporting to the UNECE shows th
Page 77 and 78: 4. 5. Women and armed conflict (E)
Page 79 and 80: 4.5.3. Trends emerging from EU-wide
Page 81 and 82: men. As a result this ‘new’ ins
Page 83 and 84: To date, 10 of the 27 MS have devel
Page 85 and 86: • Indicator 4. Comprehensive and
Page 87 and 88: The data is uncertain and, at least
Page 89 and 90: It should be emphasised that the hi
Page 91 and 92: In most countries single mothers' t
Page 93 and 94: Unemployment has been falling in mo
Page 95 and 96: The main political measures taken c
Page 97 and 98: • Indicator 7. Proportion of the
Page 99 and 100: Indicator 1: Women's access to poli
Page 101 and 102: parliaments (76 % men, 24 % women).
Page 103 and 104: Indicator 12: Out of 108 senior eco
Page 105 and 106:
The Member States advance various r
Page 107 and 108:
The Belgian quota law adopted in 20
Page 109 and 110:
References Council Conclusions Nove
Page 111 and 112:
4.9.3. The CEDAW The Convention on
Page 113 and 114:
Member States report on increased p
Page 115 and 116:
4.10.3. EU policy on eliminating ge
Page 117 and 118:
In Spain, a specific institute (Obs
Page 119 and 120:
Women remain absent from leadership
Page 121 and 122:
Some MS report on actions that have
Page 123 and 124:
• L.1. Eliminate all forms of dis
Page 125 and 126:
The most recent information availab
Page 127 and 128:
highest in Estonia with 90 %. The m
Page 129 and 130:
In relation to the indicators adopt
Page 131 and 132:
When the Council of the European Un
Page 133 and 134:
EU commitments to achieve the objec
Page 135 and 136:
5.5. Women and Armed Conflict (E) W
Page 137 and 138:
Although it can be noted that the E
Page 139 and 140:
5.8. Institutional Mechanisms for t
Page 141 and 142:
5.10. Women and the Media (J) The m
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Two issues clearly placed on the MS
Page 145 and 146:
Although gender mainstreaming is ar
Page 147 and 148:
6.3. Challenges for the future Euro
Page 149 and 150:
The main challenges in the area of
Page 151 and 152:
Annex I Indicators developed at EU
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IT Italy LV Latvia LT Lithuania LU
Page 155 and 156:
Annex III Table 3.1 Personnel resou
Page 157 and 158:
Table 3.3 Structure and content of
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 4.1.2 At risk of poverty rat
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 4.2.1 Employment gap between
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 4.2.5 Proportion of female a
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 4.3.1 Number of years with g
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 4.3.3 Proportion of persons
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 4.3.5 Proportion of persons
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Figure 4.3.7 Proportions of women a
Page 173 and 174:
Figure 4.6.1 Employed women and men
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 4.6.5 Proportion of children
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 4.6.9 Time spent on domestic
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 4.6.13 Time spent on domesti
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Table 4.7.1 The cluster of Member S
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Figure 4.12.1 Difference between pr
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 4.12.3 Difference between pr
Page 187 and 188:
Table 4.12.2 Difference between 15-
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