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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 punishment for the betrayal of the Teacher, i.e., "the judgment of their companions who turned away with the men of mockery ..." (20:10c-12), possibly referring to those who betrayed the 'new covenant' during the Teacher's lifetime. 34 Another betrayal, by a group called 'the house of Peleg,' is mentioned in CD 20:22b~25a (cf. 4QpNah 3-4 iv 1). Thus, it would seem that betrayal of the 'new covenant' was not a single event, but occurred throughout the Qumran community's history. This assumption may be demonstrated by numerous references to efforts made by elements within the community and without, who attempted to cause its members to transgress the precepts of the covenant and to stumble (1QpHab 5:8-11; lQH a 2:34b-36, 4:7, 9c-12, 16-18; 1QM 14:10). The main demonstration of this reality, however, is apparent in the liturgical curses against those who despise the covenant and in their ceremonial expulsion from the community. See, for example, the curse against those who entered the covenant and afterwards rejected it willfully, as given in the annual covenantal ceremony of the Qumran community (1QS 2:11-18; cf. 4Q280 2, 4Q286 7 ii [= 4Q286 6], 4Q289), 35 and the purgation ceremony involving the expulsion of those who betray the covenant (1QS 2:25b—3:12 and in 4Q266 [= 4QD a ] frg. 11, lines 5b-18a [= 4Q270 7 i 19c-7 ii 12a]). 36 Possibly, this annual expulsion of those who betrayed the covenant was intended to avoid jeopardizing the community's expectations of everlasting salvation. Such a strategy may have been influenced by Ezek. 20:37—38, according to which a selection process throughout the 'bond of the covenant' will be held at the 'desert of the people' 34 See CD 1:14-2:1 and cf. 1QpHab 2:2 3 about "the trai[tors to] the New [Covenant]" "who [did] not [believe the words of] the Teacher of Righteousness." 35 See Licht, Rule Scroll, 51-80; Nitzan, Qumran Prayer and Religious Poetry, 124-35; Hebrew version (Biblical Encyclopedia Library 14; Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1999) 90-98; J. T. Milik, "Milki-sedeq et Milki-resa' dans les anciens ecrits juifs et chretiens," JJS 23 (1972): 126-37; B. Nitzan, "286-90. 4QBerakhot a-e ," in E. Eshel et al., ed., Qumran Cave 4.VI. Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part I, DJD 11 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), 1-74 (esp. 1-10, 27-32, 75-60, 68-74); B. Nitzan, "4QBerakhot a-e (4Q286-90): A Covenantal Ceremony in the Light of Related Texts," RevQ 16/64 (1995): 487-506; B. Nitzan, "280. 4QCurses," in E. G. Chazon et al., ed., Qumran Cave 4.XX. Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 2, DJD 29 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 1-8; B. Nitzan, "Blessing and Curses," Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. L. H. Schiffman and J. C. VanderKarn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 95-100. 36 For the 4QDamascus fragments related to this ceremony see J. M. Baumgarten, ed., Qumran Cave 4.XIII. The Damascus Document (4Q266-273), DJD 18 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 76-78, 163-67.
98 BILHAH NITZAN in order to remove from among the exiles those who rebel and transgress against the Lord. The wilderness plays a symbolic role in the eschatological ideology of the Qumran community, as the place and time of "preparing the way in the wilderness" for gaining eternal salvation (1QS 8:13-16). This seems to apply both to the fulfillment of the covenant regulations of the Qumran community and to the removal of the rebels from the community, as was the situation during the Exodus. 37 For this typological ideology, see the use of the terms ("the penitents of the desert," 4QpPs a 3:1) and ("the desert of the people," 1QM 1:3) for the members of the Qumran community. IV The dilemma of holding a concept of a covenant based simultaneously on free will and a concept of predestination As we have seen, the Qumran community realized that it must periodically purge itself of unfit members those who were unable to realize the sect's ideal of itself as the embodiment of the eschatological new covenant of God with Israel. That is, the sect assumed that people entered its ranks due to their own free will, 38 and that now and then mistakes were made. However, it is also well known that the sect believed that a predestined fate governed the life of each individual (see 1QS 3:15-4:26, 1QH a 7:20, 15:12-15, 18:24-25; CD 2:3-13, etc.; cf. Josephus, Ant. 13.172). 39 The conflict between these assumptions is evident and should have bothered the community. Indeed, the question as to whether the members of the Qumran community were conscious of this dilemma has already been raised by Jacob Licht, who observed the tension between these two concepts. Licht suggested that the term , in the sense of 'volunteering,' which appears in the term for the members of the community, e.g., "who volunteer ... to set up His covenant" and 37 See CD 20:13b-15a alluded to Deut. 2:14. 38 On the idea of a covenant based of free will, see for example Josh. 24:14-25. 39 On the concept of predestination held by the Qumran community, see Licht, Rule Scroll, 81—105; A. Lange, "Weisheit und Pradestination," in Weisheitliche Urordnung und Pradestination in den Textfunden von Qumran, STDJ 18 (Leiden: Brill, 1995); A. Lange, "Wisdom and Predestination in the Dead Sea Scrolls," DSD 2 (1995): 340-54.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
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HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
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12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
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THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
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KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
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ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 60 and 61: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 110 and 111: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
Page 116 and 117: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 138 and 139: COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
Page 140 and 141: COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143: COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145: COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147: COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149: COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151: COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153: COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155: COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
Page 156 and 157: COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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