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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AND THE STITCHING OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY* AZRIEL GORSKI Fibers and Polymers Laboratory Division of Identification and Forensic Science Israel National Police The application of microscopic and forensic techniques to archaeology can retrieve information about human activity that is present in the archaeological record and is currently not being recovered. A basic tenet in the forensic sciences is the Locard Exchange Principle, which states "Every contact leaves traces. Whenever any two objects come into contact with one another they affect one another in some way" (Robertson and Vignaux, 1995). The nature of the effect and the particles exchanged or deposited will depend upon the nature of the contact and of the objects. The evidence of these contacts is not a result of conscious thought; most times, due to the small size of the particles exchanged, one is not even aware that evidence of the contact is carried away from it. Following the Locard Principle, forensic scientists have developed an arsenal of techniques to obtain data from small and microscopic amounts of material. The purpose of these analyses is to obtain interpretable information that can shed light on an event or series of events. These events normally have at their core human actions. This study is a preliminary study to determine if microscopic traces are present on the Dead Sea Scrolls and if trace evidence and other forensic science techniques can provide new information. Two types of examinations will be attempted, one of microscopic traces associated with the scrolls and the other, of the stitching. * I would like to thank the Dead Sea Scrolls laboratory at the Rockefeller Museum and the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum for access to the Dead Sea Scrolls and to material and artifacts associated with them. In addition, I would like to thank the Orion Center for encouraging cooperation between the textual scholars concerned with the Dead Sea Scrolls and natural scientists.
174 AZRIEL GORSKI Microscopic Traces The definition of what one is trying to determine is desirable before an analysis. I will attempt to answer two very basic but unconsidered questions. Are there microscopic particles associated with the scrolls? If there are, can these particles be characterized utilizing analyses based on the light microscope? The material selected was pieces of cellophane tape that had been removed by the Dead Sea Scrolls laboratory of the Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem. At the time of their discovery, the scholars studying the scrolls used cellophane tape to join together the many fragments of the manuscript. The glue side of these pieces was scanned utilizing a stereo microscope at various magnifications between 6.3 and 40 diameters. Fibers and microscopic particles of apparent interest were manually removed, and analyzed utilizing a polarized microscope at magnifications between 100 and 630 diameters. In addition to the cellophane tape pieces, which were felt to be heavily contaminated by particles of modern origin, two jars associated with the scrolls and on display at the Shrine of the Book of the Israel Museum were examined. These jars were selected because they had been found whole, rather than reassembled from fragments that had been washed, and had covers on them. The two jars were overturned over clean paper and tapped lightly. The material falling out of the jars onto the paper was analyzed. The analysis followed the same stereo and polarized light microscope scheme outlined above. Many particles and fibers were found on the cellophane tape pieces. Not every particle or fiber was characterized, but the following classes of material were identified: a) hair fragments, human and wool; b) pollen particles; and c) synthetic and natural fibers. Some of the wool fibers were dyed. The natural fibers consisted mainly of flax and cotton, with some of the cotton being dyed. Many particles and fibers were retrieved from the jars. Again, not every fiber or particle was characterized. Hair fragments, including human, animal and wool, were identified. Some of the wool fibers were dyed and one of the animal hairs appears to be cat of nonmodern origin. Pollen grains and insect parts were also present in the material from the jars as well as synthetic and natural fibers. The natural fibers again consisted of mostly cotton and flax, with some of the cotton being dyed.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
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HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
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12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
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THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
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KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
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ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
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DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
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COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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Page 134 and 135: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 136 and 137: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 138 and 139: COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
Page 140 and 141: COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143: COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145: COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147: COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149: COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151: COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153: COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155: COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
Page 156 and 157: COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
Page 158 and 159: THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
Page 160 and 161: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
Page 164 and 165: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
Page 166 and 167: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
Page 168 and 169: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
Page 170 and 171: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
Page 172 and 173: 4:36-37 to each as any might have n
Page 174 and 175: NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
Page 176 and 177: THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
Page 178 and 179: GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
Page 186 and 187: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 188 and 189: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 190 and 191: HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
Page 192 and 193: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
Page 194 and 195: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
Page 196 and 197: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
Page 198 and 199: INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
Page 200 and 201: Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
Page 202 and 203: Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
Page 204 and 205: 8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
Page 206 and 207: Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
Page 208 and 209: CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
Page 210 and 211: . Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
Page 212 and 213: Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
Page 214 and 215: STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
Page 216 and 217: 37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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