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KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE PESHARIM 33 same phrases to argue that, like in Pesher Habakkuk, the Kittim mentioned in the War Scroll should be identified as the Romans. He wrote that in the War Scroll we find, '"Kittim in Egypt.' Not 'of Egypt,' as 'Kittim of Asshur.' This shows that the Kittim had an army in Egypt, not that they dwelt there." 13 Both Sukenik and Yadin understood the beginning of 1QM in a similar way. Yadin's reconstruction of 1QM 1 is as follows: 14 Yadin noticed that the author of the War Scroll had borrowed various phrases in column 1 from Dan. 11:40 and onwards. Yadin argued that this was only a linguistic dependence rather than a contextual one. 15 Here are the points of resemblance between the beginning of the War Scroll and the end of the Book of Daniel: 13 Yadin, Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light, 258. 14 Yadin, Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light, 256-59. 15 Yadin, Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light, 258-59.
34 HANAN ESHEL In 1981 David Flusser published an important article concerning the apocalyptic elements found in the War Scroll. 16 Flusser argued that the author of the War Scroll was aware that the last part of the vision found in Daniel 11 and 12 had not yet taken place. In other words, the author of the War Scroll knew that Dan. 11:40-12:3 was an unfulfilled prophecy. 17 Thus he believed that its fulfillment would occur in the near future. 18 Comparing Daniel and the beginning of the War Scroll, Flusser suggested a different reconstruction of col. 1 of 1QM. Based on these suggestions, one may reconstruct this column as follows: 19 16 D. Flusser, "Apocalyptic Elements in the War Scroll," in Jerusalem in the Second Temple Period: Abraham Schalit Memorial Volume, ed. A. Oppenheimer, U. Rappaport, and M. Stern (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi, 1980), 434-52 (Hebrew). 17 For the latest discussion of these verses, see A. S. van der Woude, "Prophetic Prediction, Political Prognostication, and Firm Belief: Reflections on Daniel 11:40 12:3," in The Quest for Context and Meaning: Studies in Biblical Intertextuality in Honor of James A. Sanders, ed. C. A. Evans and S. Talmon, Biblical Interpretation Series 28 (Leiden: Brill, 1997), 63-73. 18 For a recent discussion of the connection between Daniel 11 and col. 1 of the War Scroll see D. O. Wenthe, "The Use of the Hebrew Scriptures in 1QM," DSD 5 (1998): 296-98. Wenthe was not familiar with Flusser's article and he did not reach any historical conclusions. 19 In addition to Flusser's reconstructions I have added two details: (a) Yadin did not read correctly the first two letters, and , at the beginning of 1QM col. 1 (I would like to thank Prof. Frank Moore Cross who clarified this point for me) and (b) based on 4Q378 it seems that thene in line 2 are part of the description of the Sons of Darkness; see H. Eshel, "The Prayer of Joseph, a Papyrus from Masada and the Samaritan Temple on APFAPIZIN," Zion 56 (1991): 126 n. 2 (Hebrew). Therefore it is difficult to accept that the author of the War Scroll thought that the sect was the true Israel; see E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism (London: SCM Press, 1977), 248-52.
Page 2 and 3: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 4 and 5: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE After the first three Orion
Page 10 and 11: ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13: HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15: JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95:
COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
Page 116 and 117:
"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
Page 140 and 141:
COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143:
COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145:
COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147:
COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149:
COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151:
COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153:
COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155:
COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
Page 160 and 161:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
Page 164 and 165:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
Page 168 and 169:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
Page 170 and 171:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
Page 172 and 173:
4:36-37 to each as any might have n
Page 174 and 175:
NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
Page 176 and 177:
THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
Page 178 and 179:
GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
Page 186 and 187:
ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 188 and 189:
ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 190 and 191:
HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
Page 192 and 193:
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
Page 194 and 195:
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
Page 196 and 197:
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
Page 198 and 199:
INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
Page 200 and 201:
Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
Page 204 and 205:
8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
Page 206 and 207:
Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
Page 208 and 209:
CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
Page 210 and 211:
. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
Page 212 and 213:
Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
Page 214 and 215:
STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
Page 216 and 217:
37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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