historical perspectives: from the hasmoneans to bar kokhba in light ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE IN JOSEPHUS AND THE TEMPLE SCROLL LAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN New York University Studies on the descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple found in the works of Josephus have generally concerned the correspondence between those descriptions and the Second Temple as it stood in the last days before its destruction. 1 Accordingly, such studies have usually attempted to establish a correspondence between Josephus's accounts and the Temple plan found in Tractate Middot of the Mishnah. 2 It has generally been assumed that some form of harmonization of the data in these two sources would yield a reasonable reconstruction of the architectural plan and appearance of what is generally termed the Herodian Temple—the Temple as rebuilt by King Herod (37-4 BCE). 3 In his detailed introduction to the Temple Scroll, Yigael Yadin assumed that in some way the details of the Temple plan included in the completed Temple Scroll by the author/redactor 4 paralleled the Temple structure as it existed in his day—sometime in the early 1 E.g., M. Avi-Yonah, "Beit Ha-Miqdash Ha-Sheni," in Sefer Yerushalayim (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute and Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1956), 392-418; S. Safrai, "The Temple," in The Jewish People in the First Century, ed. S. Safrai et al., CRINT 1/2 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1976), 865-69. Cf. L. I. Levine, "Josephus' Description of the Jerusalem Temple: War, Antiquities, and Other Sources," in Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period: Essays in Memory of Morton Smith, ed. F. Parente and J. Sievers, Studia Post-Biblica 41 (Leiden: Brill, 1994), 233-46. 2 A critical edition is available in A. S. Kaufman, Massekhet Middot, Shihzur Nusah Qadum (Jerusalem: Har Yera'eh Press, 1991). 3 Such a synthesis is opposed by Ch. Albeck, Shishah Sidre Mishnah, Qodashim (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute and Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1958), 313. 4 Y. Yadin, The Temple Scroll, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983). Yadin saw the scroll as the product of the work of a single author. Subsequent scholarship has identified several sources that were brought together by a final redactor who was responsible for the complete scroll. See A. M. Wilson and L. Wills, "Literary Sources in the Temple Scroll," HTR 75 (1982): 273-88; M. O. Wise, A Critical Study of the Temple Scroll from Qumran Cave 11, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 49 (Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1990), 195-98; F. Garcia Martinez, "Source et redaction du Rouleau du Temple" Henoch 13 (1991): 219-32.
70 LAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN Hasmonean period. 5 While certainly this must have been the case regarding certain elements common to all the Jewish Temple plans, the Temple plan of this scroll was a Utopian, reformist document that sought to change radically the religious status quo of the author's time. It is possible that the Temple plan included in the scroll was composed even before the Maccabean Revolt. Similarly, scholars have argued that Josephus was describing Solomon's Temple based on his first-hand knowledge of Herod's Temple. Yadin adds that Josephus may even have been influenced by the Temple Scroll itself and the Essenes with whom he spent some time in his youth. 6 This constellation of interrelated issues has led us to undertake a detailed comparison of the Temple plans of Josephus and of the Temple Scroll. This discussion will read Josephus independently of the mishnaic material and will, in turn, compare Josephus's descriptions to those found in the Temple Scroll. A few words should be said about the nature of the material in Josephus that will be studied. Josephus presents three descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple. In Antiquities 8, he describes the Temple as it was built by Solomon. In narrating the life of King Herod in Antiquities 15, Josephus describes the Temple that Herod built. Finally, in War 5 Josephus describes the Temple within the context of the description of Jerusalem on the eve of the Roman conquest. The Temple plan found in the Temple Scroll is set out in one of the sources of the Temple Scroll. 7 Probably dating to the early Hasmonean period or to earlier in the hellenistic period, this plan is spelled out in great detail with exacting dimensions. It is based on exegesis of the Tabernacle texts in the Pentateuch, as well as the descriptions of the Temple in Exodus, Kings, and Chronicles, with some literary dependence on the Temple plan of Ezekiel as well. 8 5 Yadin, Temple Scroll, 1.386-90. For an introduction to the Temple Scroll, see L. H. Schiffman, "The Temple Scroll and the Nature of Its Law: The Status of the Question," in The Community of the Renewed Covenant: The Notre Dame Symposium on the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. E. Ulrich and J. C. VanderKam (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994), 37-55. 6 Yadin, Temple Scroll, 1.192-96. 7 For a study of this source, see Wise, Critical Study of the Temple Scroll, 61-99. 8 See L. H. Schiffman, "Architecture and Law: The Temple and Its Courtyards in the Temple Scroll," in From Ancient Israel to Modem Judaism. Intellect in Quest of Understanding: Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox, ed. J. Neusner, E. R. Frerichs, and N. M. Sarna, BJS 159 (Atianta: Scholars Press, 1989), 1.267-84.
Page 2 and 3:
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 4 and 5:
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7:
CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 8 and 9:
PREFACE After the first three Orion
Page 10 and 11:
ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13:
HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 82 and 83: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
Page 116 and 117: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 130 and 131:
"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
Page 140 and 141:
COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143:
COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145:
COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147:
COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149:
COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151:
COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153:
COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155:
COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
Page 156 and 157:
COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
Page 158 and 159:
THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
Page 160 and 161:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
Page 164 and 165:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
Page 166 and 167:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
Page 168 and 169:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
Page 170 and 171:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
Page 172 and 173:
4:36-37 to each as any might have n
Page 174 and 175:
NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
Page 176 and 177:
THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
Page 178 and 179:
GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
Page 186 and 187:
ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 188 and 189:
ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 190 and 191:
HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
Page 192 and 193:
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
Page 194 and 195:
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
Page 196 and 197:
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
Page 198 and 199:
INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
Page 200 and 201:
Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
Page 202 and 203:
Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
Page 204 and 205:
8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
Page 206 and 207:
Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
Page 208 and 209:
CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
Page 210 and 211:
. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
Page 212 and 213:
Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
Page 214 and 215:
STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
Page 216 and 217:
37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
show all

historical perspectives: from the hasmoneans to bar kokhba in light ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?