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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALED BOOK" 109 And they understood their iniquity and knew that they were guilty men. And they were as blind as those who grope for a way for twenty years. But God considered their works, that they had sought Him wholeheartedly, and He raised up for them a Teacher of Righteousness to guide them in the way of His heart (CD 1:10-13). 14 How this Teacher of Righteousness was to lead the group in the way of God is not stated here. Nevertheless, a few columns later, when trying to explain and justify King David's polygynous marriage, 15 which, according to the author, was not only in contrast to the foundation of Creation but also in contrast to the explicit demand of the Torah ("He shall not multiply wives," Deut. 17:17), the author argues David — he did not read in the sealed book which was in the ark, for it was not opened in Israel since the day of the death of Eleazar and Joshua and the elders . . . until Zadok arose (CD 5:2-5). In other words, David did not act in accordance with the law simply because he was ignorant of the law; the Book of the Torah was sealed in the ark and therefore inaccessible to him. Who is "Zadok"? This question is difficult to answer. Although many scholars identify him with a biblical figure, it seems to me 18-21 March 1991, ed. J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner, STDJ 11 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992), 571-76. 14 I follow the translation of J. M. Baumgarten and D. R. Schwartz, "Damascus Document," in The Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations, vol. 2, Damascus Document, War Scroll, and Related Documents, ed. J. H. Charlesworth (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck] and Louisville: John Knox Press, 1996). A similar theme might be reflected in 1 Enoch 90:6-17 and Jub. 23:16-20; see Kister, "Concerning the History of the Essenes," 1-15. 15 Though it is not explicitly stated here that David is accused of marrying many women, and though one could think of an accusation for marrying two sisters, Michal and Merav (see t. Sot. 11:18 [ed. Lieberman, 224]), it is clear from the context that polygynous marriage is the issue under discussion. See my "Qumran Polemic on Marital Law: CD 4:20-5:11 and Its Social Background," in The Damascus Document: A Centennial of Discovery. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature, 4-8 February 1998, ed. J. M. Baumgarten, E. G. Chazon, and A. Pinnick; STDJ 34 (Leiden: Brill, 1999), 160 n. 26.
110 ADIEL SCHREMER plausible to identify him with the founder of the sect (or the Teacher of Righteousness). 16 Accordingly, one is inclined to conclude that the author of the Damascus Document argues that one of the sect's innovations was its rediscovery of the book and its appeal to the book as a source of halakhic guidance. In this light we may fully appreciate the vow ("to return to the Torah of Moses") that the newcomer to the community had to take, according to the Manual of Discipline (1QS 5:7-10). 17 The members of the sect are expected to devote themselves to the reading of the book: ("to read in the book [of the Torah] and to seek [guidance regarding] the law," 1QS 6:7). In fact, the author of 4QMMT expresses the expectation that his opponent will do likewise: , that is, 16 On the identification of Zadok with the founder of the sect, see E. Cothenet, "Le Document de Damas," in Les Textes de Qumran, ed. J. Carmignac, E. Cothenet, and H. Lignee (Paris: Letouzey et Ane, 1963), 164 n. 5; J. Liver, "The 'Sons of Zadok the Priest' in the Dead Sea Sect," Eretz-Isrtul 8 (1967): 74 (Hebrew); Y. Yadin, The Temple Scroll (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Shrine of the Book, 1983), 1.394-95; B. Z. Wacholder, The Dawn of Qumran: The Sectarian Torah and the Teacher of Righteousness (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1983), 112-19. This view was expressed also by Prof. Joseph Baumgarten at the Third International Orion Symposium, "The Damascus Document: A Centennial of Discovery," held 4-8 February 1998, at the Orion Center for the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature. For the opposing view, that Zadok is a biblical figure from the Davidic period or a bit later, see S. Schechter, Fragments of a Zadokite Work (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910), XXI; L. Ginzberg, An Unknown Jewish Sect (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1976), 21; J. Maier, Die Texte vom Toten Meer, Band II: Anmerkungen (Munchen and Basel: Ernst Reinhardt, 1960), 48; A. Dupont-Sommer, Die essenischen Schriften vom Toten Meer (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1960), 141 n. 8; J. C. Vanderkam, "Zadok and the SPR HTWRH HHTWM in Dam. Doc. V, 2-5," RevQ 11 (1984): 561-70; L. H. Schiffman, Law, Custom, and Messianism in the Dead Sea Sect (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 1993), 53 (Hebrew). Although I prefer the first option it should be stressed that this controversy need not undermine my main argument, since the aspect that I try to emphasize is the sect's historical view (i.e., rupture in tradition due to lack of knowledge of the Torah and its rediscovery), not its accuracy. So even if one prefers to identify Zadok with a biblical figure, the sect's concept is still one of rupture and revelation of the book. This concept, I shall argue, reflects the sect's own historical perception. See also M. D. Herr, "Continuum in the Chain of Torah Transmission," Zion 44 (1979): 51-55 (Hebrew). Cf. Kister, "Concerning the History of the Essenes," 5 n. 20, 8 n. 32. 17 See also CD 16:1-2: ("to return to the Torah of Moses, for in it everything is specified [in detail]"), along with A. Rosenthal, in Mehqerei Talmud, vol. 2, Talmudic Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Eliezer Shimshon Rosenthal, ed. M. Bar-Asher and D. Rosenthal (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1993), 451 n. 12 (Hebrew).
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
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HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
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12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
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THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
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KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
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Page 48 and 49:
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Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
Page 116 and 117: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 138 and 139: COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
Page 140 and 141: COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143: COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145: COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147: COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149: COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151: COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153: COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155: COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
Page 156 and 157: COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
Page 158 and 159: THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
Page 160 and 161: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
Page 164 and 165: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
Page 166 and 167: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
Page 168 and 169: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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