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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"), (". . . and with flatteries does not apprehend her," 1-2 ii 13-14); ("as she is given to his fathers, so shall he inherit her"), (". . . and he shall give her as an inheritance to his offspring," 1-2 ii 14-15). 55 Harrington rightly claims that the feminine suffixes in these phrases may refer either to hokmah or to torah, or probably to both, as these are granted to human beings and are considered divine revelation. 56 According to this wide context, the fragmented phrase (frg. 3:3) seems to be parallel to ("the words of God," 1-2 ii 3), probably to the commandments of the Law that are to be carried out (cf. 1-2 ii 13). 57 The literary similarity between 4Q252 and 4QJ85 is apparent both in the beatitudes and in the instructions written in the context of the explicit identification of hokmah and torah 4Q525 2 ii 3-4 (see above). The objects of these beatitudes and instructions are of a feminine nature, for example, "her ways," "her admonitions," "her chastisements," etc., which may refer either to hokmah or to torah, or possibly to both. Concerning the phrase ("on her he always meditates," 2 ii 6), which may refer to the Law (cf. Ps. 1:2 and Josh. 1:8) that a person is instructed to put "before his eyes" (2 ii 7), even "in the affliction of his soul" and "in his anguish" (2 ii 6), Harrington claims that "the truly wise person learns wisdom from the Torah, which in turn sustains him in times of suffering." 58 The terminology and contents of these texts do not reflect the typical sectarian terminology and ideology of Qumran literature but a common biblical and Second Temple period tradition. This tradition refers inter alia to the Torah ('the Law') in general, and not to the specific interpretation of the Law, the 'new covenant' in the sectarian writings from Qumran. Even the phrase ("and with flatteries does not apprehend her," 4Q185 1-2 ii 14), in this context, does not necessarily refer to the interpretations of the Law held by the Pharisees, who are labeled (Seekers of Smooth Things) in the sectarian writings, but to general deviation from the 55 The translation follows Allegro's edition, DJDJ 5.87. 56 Harrington, Wisdom Texts, 38. 57 If the phrase is a part of the appeal to persons, its meaning may be paralleled to the term relating to the performance of the commandments of the Law (cf. 4QMMT B 2, C 27; IQpHab 7:11, 8:1, 12:4; 4QFlor 1-2 i 7). 58 Harrington, Wisdom Texts, 69.
104 BILHAH NITZAN Law. 59 Thus, these texts presumably reflect a pre-Qumran literature, probably that of the broad Essene movement prior to the breaking away of the Qumran branch (yahad) to create a group based upon strict observance. 60 This conclusion was inferred by Harrington on the basis of additional differences between these texts and the explicit sectarian texts, including other sapiential texts from Qumran. 61 59 See the phrase "to seduce by flatteries the sons of men" in 4Q184 1:17; cf. Isa. 30:9-11 and Ps. 12:3-4. 60 Harrington, Wisdom Texts, 85. 61 Harrington, Wisdom Texts, 75—86.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
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HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
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12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
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THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
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KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
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Page 48 and 49:
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Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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Page 64 and 65: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 66 and 67: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 116 and 117: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 138 and 139: COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
Page 140 and 141: COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143: COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145: COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147: COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149: COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151: COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153: COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155: COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
Page 156 and 157: COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
Page 158 and 159: THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
Page 160 and 161: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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