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DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE 75 bers and rooms, of three stories with the sukkot on top, apportioned to the eleven sons of Jacob other than Levi, and with five sections— two for Aaron and one each for the levitical clans. The apportionment of a double portion to Aaron raises the possibility that in a ritual sense Aaron holds the birthright among the sons of Jacob. The pattern of the distribution of the chambers corresponds to the distribution of the gates. The twelve sons each receive the chambers closest to their gates in the Outer and Middle Courts, and the four levitical clans receive chambers between those assigned to their brothers, opposite their gates to the Inner Court. 20 We should pause to sum up our comparison of the structure of the Temple precincts—the temenos. Josephus's accounts of both the Solomonic and Herodian Temple plans are in agreement that two courtyards existed. The entire temenos was surrounded by one wall and porticoes, and a second enclosure surrounded the Temple building. In the Temple Scroll., it was expected that three enclosures with similar, even more extensive porticoes, would surround the Temple building itself. While Herod's structure would have fit on the Temple Mount as it now exists, the structure outlined in the Temple Scroll would have occupied virtually the entire area of the city—assuming the massive earthworks needed could have been constructed. 21 Indeed, Josephus's plan for the Herodian Temple would have approximately matched the size of the Temple Scroll's Middle Court (which was the same size as the plan of m. Middot). The Herodian Temple was patterned, according to Josephus, on that of Solomon. Yet detailed study of the Temple plan of the Temple Scroll indicates that it was a replica of the desert camp of Israel. We can conclude, then, that as regards the general layout of the temenos and the internal courts, the accounts of Josephus and the plan of the Temple Scroll have very little resemblance. When we take into account that Josephus's inner court was rectangular and that the Temple Scroll's was based on concentric squares, it is impossible to claim any real relationship. Put simply, the attempt of the architect of the Temple Scroll to replicate the desert camp with the Tabernacle in its midst, as well as the Temple of Solomon, created a plan in marked contrast to 20 Yadin, Temple Scroll, 1.253-66. 21 Cf. M. Broshi, "The Gigantic Dimensions of the Visionary Temple in the Temple Scroll," BAR 13 (Nov./Dec. 1987): 36-37.
76 LAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN that of Josephus whose account of Solomon's Temple and description of the Herodian Temple depend primarily on the Solomonic structure as described in the Bible—a structure that provided the basic scheme for Herod's royal architect as well. 2. The Temple Building According to the description of the Solomonic Temple in 1 Kgs 6:5-6, 8 the Temple building itself and the holy of holies were surrounded by stepped or storied structures. These chambers were entered through the outside, and, from this point of view, were not part of the actual Temple. These structures are mentioned in the description of the Solomonic Temple. 1 Kgs 6:5-6, 8 describes the built around the outside wall of the Temple. This structure consisted of three rows of chambers on each side. The lowest was five cubits wide, the next six, and the highest seven. 22 The purpose of the recesses thus created, as the building was wider on top than below, was to make it impossible to climb up the side walls. 23 There were entry ways leading from one chamber to the next and also to the chamber above. A description of the storied structures is found in Josephus's description of the Solomonic Temple (Ant. 8.65-66). This description is based on his exegesis of the relevant biblical passages, which means that, like the author of the Temple Scroll, he searched for data about the Tabernacle in Exodus, the Temple of Kings and that of Ezekiel. Furthermore, he seems to have mixed in elements from the Temple of his own day, some of which are supported by tannaitic sources as well. According to him, the Solomonic Temple was surrounded by thirty small chambers that had entrances, one to another. While this specific arrangement is not discussed in the biblical account, it clearly represents some interpretation of 1 Kgs 6:8. 24 He adds that each was 22 For the Septuagint, see Yadin, Temple Scroll, 2.11. Apparently, it was based on a different Vorlage, whereas 11QT was based on a text similar to MT. 23 S. Yeivin, 5.340. See the drawing in B. Mazar, The Mountain of the Lord: Excavating Jerusalem (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975), 100. 24 These details are labeled "unscriptural" in H. St. J. Thackeray and R. Marcus, Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, vol. 5, LCL (Cambridge: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann, 1934), 606 n. d. Josephus's interpretation must be based on a reading such as that of the Septuagint, which read "lowest" instead of MT's "middle" at the beginning of the verse.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
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HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
Page 116 and 117: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
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COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
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COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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