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historical perspectives: from the hasmoneans to bar kokhba in light ...

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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS 171<br />

identify <strong>the</strong> animal source. S<strong>in</strong>ce this is a biological system, it evolves.<br />

Unlike <strong>the</strong> study of Gunneweg, 5 which can map geographically <strong>the</strong><br />

clay source of a scroll jar, this system may give a chronological<br />

answer <strong>to</strong> a source of parchment. It may be possible <strong>to</strong> explore <strong>the</strong><br />

source of <strong>the</strong> animals that produced <strong>the</strong>se sk<strong>in</strong>s and <strong>the</strong> trade which<br />

governed <strong>the</strong>ir distribution. Thus, molecular biology can contribute<br />

<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> analysis of <strong>the</strong> scrolls and shed <strong>light</strong> on <strong>the</strong> life of <strong>the</strong> people<br />

who wrote and lived by <strong>the</strong> rules recorded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m.<br />

Bibliography<br />

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of nucleic acids. J. Cl<strong>in</strong>. Microevol. 28:495-503.<br />

Devereux, J., P. Haeberli and O. Smithies. 1984. A comprehensive set of sequence<br />

analysis program for <strong>the</strong> VAX. Micl. Ad. Res. 12:387-395.<br />

Herrmann B., and S. Hummel. 1994. Introduction. In Ancient DMA, eds. B. Herrmann<br />

and S. Hummel, 1-12. New York: Spr<strong>in</strong>ger.<br />

Higutchi et al. 1984. DNA Sequences <strong>from</strong> Quagga, an ext<strong>in</strong>ct member of <strong>the</strong><br />

horse family. Mature 312:282-84.<br />

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Based Purification method. Nucleic Acids Research 21:3913-14.<br />

Irw<strong>in</strong>, D. M., T. D. Kocher and A. C. Wilson. 1991. Evolution of <strong>the</strong> cy<strong>to</strong>chrome<br />

b gene of mammals. J. Mol. Evol 32:128-144.<br />

Lew<strong>in</strong>, B. 1990. Genes IV. Oxford University Press: Oxford and Cell Press: Cambridge.<br />

Paabo, S., R. G. Higuchi and A. C. Wilson. 1989. Ancient DNA and <strong>the</strong> polymerase<br />

cha<strong>in</strong> reaction. J. Biolo. Chem. 264:9709-12<br />

Ryder W. 1965 Rema<strong>in</strong>s derived <strong>from</strong> sk<strong>in</strong>. In Microscopic Studies of Ancient Sk<strong>in</strong>s.<br />

Oxford University Press: Oxford.<br />

Saiki, R. D., D. H. Geelfand, S. S<strong>to</strong>ffel, S. J. Scharf, R. Higuchi, G. T. Horn,<br />

K. B. Mullis and H. A. Erlich. 1988. Primer-directed enzimatic amplification of<br />

DNA with <strong>the</strong>rmostable polymerase. Science 239:487—91.<br />

Stegemann, H. 1992. How <strong>to</strong> connect Dead Sea Scroll fragments, 245-55, <strong>in</strong> H.<br />

Shanks, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls after forty years. Biblical Archaeological Society,<br />

Wash<strong>in</strong>g<strong>to</strong>n, D.C.<br />

Woodward, S. R., G. Kahila Bar-Gal, P. Smith, C. Greenblatt, J. Zias and M.<br />

Broshi. 1996. Analysis of parchments <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Judean Desert us<strong>in</strong>g DNA techniques.<br />

In Current Research and Technological Developments on <strong>the</strong> Dead Sea Scrolls, eds.<br />

D. W. Parry and S. D. Ricks, 215-38. Leiden: E. J. Brill.<br />

D "How Neutron Activation Analysis Can Help <strong>the</strong> Research <strong>in</strong><strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Provenance<br />

of <strong>the</strong> Dead Sea Jars at Qumran," <strong>in</strong> this volume, His<strong>to</strong>rical Perspectives: Jewish<br />

Perspectives <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> Maccabees <strong>to</strong> Bar Kokhba <strong>in</strong> Light of <strong>the</strong> Dead Sea Scrolls. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />

<strong>the</strong> Fourth International Symposium of <strong>the</strong> Orion Center for <strong>the</strong> Study of <strong>the</strong> Dead Sea Scrolls<br />

and Associated Literature, 27-31 January, 1999 (ed. David Goodblatt, Avital P<strong>in</strong>nick<br />

and Daniel R. Schwartz; Leiden: Brill, 2001), 179-85.

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