historical perspectives: from the hasmoneans to bar kokhba in light ...

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PREFACE After the first three Orion conferences were dedicated to more ethereal topics of Qumran scholarship (biblical interpretation, the pseudepigrapha, and the Damascus Document), the topic of the fourth annual symposium, "Jewish History from the Maccabees to Bar Kochba," was meant as a gesture to the real world, an attempt to move to more tangible things. This plan was seconded by the decision to include in the conference, and hence in this volume of proceedings, some studies of the most tangible elements that have come out of Qumran: animal skins, the threads used to sew them into scrolls, and pottery. In practice, however, it turned out that the attempt to distinguish between flesh and spirit was not successful, and that no one was disappointed by that failure. Things of the spirit do have their real history, and Qumran texts do not talk history without the spirit. Thus, one way or another, people kept leading us back to texts and ideas, and texts and ideas kept leading us back to people. So, on the one hand, David Goodblatt's study of Qumran evidence for ancient Jewish nationalism turns out to be bound up, part and parcel, with the importance of the Bible at Qumran, no less than Adiel Schremer's contribution, which began with the status of books there. Similarly, Hanan Eshel's study of the Kittim (were they Greeks? Romans?) and Tal Ilan's search for Qumran allusions to Salome Alexandra result in studies of how the Qumran community read the Bible. Even Lawrence Schiffman's paper on the description of the Temple and Daniel Schwartz's on Antiochus Epiphanes move back and forth incessantly between "historical sources" and the Bible via Qumran eyes. On the other hand, Bilhah Nitzan's study of the covenant at Qumran and Noah Hacham's examination of communal fasts are far from studies of timeless doctrines. They are bound up with the fabric and realities of a flesh and blood religious community. The same may be said of Justin Taylor's paper, which, on the face of it, attempts to resolve textual and exegetical inconsistencies in the Book of Acts, but in fact ends up by positing some real differences among various communal groups. The three remaining studies, whose citation style follows the format
viii PREFACE customary in the natural sciences, derive from the work of the Jerusalem Task Force for Science and the Scrolls, a group of scholars (organized by the Orion Center and the Hebrew University/ Hadassah Medical School's Kuvin Center for Infectious and Tropical Diseases) dedicated to the enrichment of Qumran studies by the application to the Scrolls and related materials of methods of analysis from the world of the natural sciences. While carbon 14 dating of the Scrolls is more or less old hat, the studies presented here show that the natural sciences have much more to offer us: such methods as neutron activation analysis of pottery (Jan Gunneweg and Marta Balla), analysis of the DNA of the skins upon which the Scrolls were written (Gila Kahila Bar-Gal et al.), and forensic techniques (Azriel Gorski) can supply hard data concerning some of the parameters within which our research must focus. The Orion Center is proud to play a role in the fostering of such fruitful cooperation among the disciplines. The Fourth Orion Symposium was made possible by the kind and generous funding of the Orion Foundation and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. We sincerely thank them, as well as all the dedicated collaborators of the Orion Center whose devoted work makes this series a reality. David Goodblatt La folla, California Avital Pinnick Daniel R. Schwartz Jerusalem July 2000
Page 2 and 3: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 4 and 5: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 10 and 11: ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13: HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15: JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 60 and 61:
ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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Page 64 and 65:
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77:
SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
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DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
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Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
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COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
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COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163:
COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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