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ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM 51 It is clear that there is not much space left at the end of line 7. Broshi and Eshel suggest completing the line , and something like that is certainly likely. It is clear that there is no room to specify the Temple or to list any of its appurtenances. So, the reference to pillage in Jerusalem after Antiochus' first Egyptian campaign could only refer to pillage in . There has been a long-standing argument concerning the meaning of , which appears in the Damascus Document, the Temple Scroll, and MMT. While some scholars have assumed or argued that it refers to Jerusalem, the city in which the Temple is found, others, including Schiffman, have argued that it in fact refers to the Temple compound. My basic tendency has always been to see as a reference to the city of Jerusalem because that is the most obvious meaning of the Hebrew words (i.e., "the city"; "Which city?" "The one with the Temple in it") and it fits easily the first text in which it appeared, CD 12:1~2. There we read that sexual relations are forbidden in ; I never understood why anyone thought it necessary to forbid such relations within the Temple complex itself. Similarly, when the Temple Scroll prohibits, for three days, the entry of a man who has had a seminal emission into (45:11-12), I find it difficult to see how anyone could imagine that such a stringent and inclusive law— — could be formulated this way if the prohibition did not apply to the city itself, apart from the Temple precincts. Did the author of the Temple Scroll really worry that without the word , his readers would have thought that there were parts of the Temple complex into which an impure man may enter? Indeed, at 47:9—11 the Temple Scroll prohibits the introduction of impure animal skins into , lest the city and the Temple become impure: . This clearly shows, I believe, that the author uses the way we do, as a reference to the city, Jerusalem, within which the Temple is found. The same interpretation is shown, finally, by 45:9-10, which provides for a barrier to be erected between the holy Temple and the city, . Thus, examination of the allusions to in the Damascus Document and the Temple Scroll leads us to understanding it as a
52 DANIEL R. SCHWARTZ reference to Jerusalem, the city in which the Temple is found. This, indeed, is a widely held position. Lately, however, the argument has reopened, due to the evidence of MMT. 11 However, I would sidestep that argument, for the term does not appear in MMT (as we have it); rather, that document is relevant only due to conclusions that might be drawn from its discussion of the identification of in Jerusalem—a somewhat dim and only indirectly relevant issue, best left aside. Rather, I would return to our discussion of Antiochus Epiphanes, in connection with 4Q248, where the term does indeed appear. Schiffman, in his most recent discussion of the term, argues that 4Q248 supports the view that I have rejected, namely, that denotes the Temple precincts, the temenos. He takes this position because 4Q248 refers to pillage in the after Antiochus' first Egyptian campaign, the time when 1 Maccabees says that he robbed the Temple itself. However, it should be clear that, instead, I would view 4Q248 as support for the view that, as Josephus makes clear, the first pillage was limited to the city itself and left the Temple untouched. In particular, I submit that it would be out of character for a Qumran writer, or any apocalyptic writer, to speak only of "treasures" or the like when referring to Temple vessels and appurtenances. Whether the vessels are enumerated, as in 1 Macc. 1:21-23, or merely summarized as "holy vessels," as in 2 Macc. 5:16, 12 4Q248's "treasures" are from a completely different world view. Apocalyptic writers are not supposed to be upset over the theft of money and, indeed, the author of 4Q248 doesn't get very upset at the end of line 7; the crisis begins only in line 9, after the king returns to Egypt the second time. This corresponds with Daniel 11, which summarizes the first Jerusalem visit briefly (ll:28b) and places the beginning of the crisis, with the long account and the apocalyptic vision, 11 See Schiffman, "Ir Ha-Miqdash" also D. Henshke, "The Sanctity of Jerusalem: The Sages and Sectarian Halakhah," Tarbiz 67 (1997/98): esp. 17-27 (Hebrew). I would also call attention to an unpublished Hebrew University M.A. thesis by H. Birnbaum: "The Status of Jerusalem in the Halakhah of the Dead Sea Sect" (in Hebrew, 1999). 12 This contrast between Palestinian interest in the Temple cult and lack of it in the Diaspora is the first discussed in my "From the Maccabees to Masada: On Diasporan Historiography of the Second Temple Period," in Judische Geschichte in hellenistisch-romischer Zeit. Wege der Forschung: Vom alten zum neuen Schurer, ed. A. Oppenheimer (Munchen: Oldenbourg, 1999), 29-40.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13: HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15: JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
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COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
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COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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