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KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE PESHARIM 37 During the Second Temple period, calling Syria Asshur is common. 23 Therefore, the phrase must refer to the Seleucids. It is important to note that the king of the Kittim is mentioned in 1QM 15:2-3: 24 "And all those [prepared] for battle shall go and encamp over against the king of the Kittim and all the army of Belial that are gathered unto him. ..." In light of the clear connection between the War Scroll and the end of the book of Daniel, we may assume that the War Scroll was composed in a time when the events that happened during the sixties of the second century BCE were still recent memories and people were able to distinguish between references to events that had already occurred and those that did not occur. Enough time had passed in order to see the difference between Dan. 11:1-39 and 11:40-12:3. Thus, the updating of the last part of Daniel's prophecy was necessary, in order to persuade the audience that these verses were still relevant and would occur in the near future. We therefore may conclude that the War Scroll was composed during the third quarter of the second century BCE, and that the Kittim mentioned in this scroll should be identified as the Seleucids. 25 A composition related to the War Scroll that also mentions the Kittim is Sefer ha-Milhamah (4Q285). 26 In 4Q285 5 6, are mentioned. Most scholars who have worked on this fragment suggest reconstructing 5 4 as "the king of the Kittim." This passage is based on Isa. 10:34-11:1 and reads as follows: 27 23 J. M. Grinz, " " Sinai 32 (1953): 26 n. 34 (Hebrew); Yadin, Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light, 25; Flusser, "Apocalyptic Elements in the War Scroll," 433; M. Stern, "The Assyrian Jerusalem in a Fragment of the Work of Asinius Quadratus," Zion 42 (1977): 295-97 (Hebrew); M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism, vol. 2 (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1980), 345-46. 24 Yadin, Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light, 330-31. 25 On dating the composition of the War Scroll to the third quarter of the second century BCE, see K. M. T. Atkinson, "The Historical Setting of the 'War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness,'" Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 40 (1957): 286; M. Treves, "The Date of the War of the Sons of Light" FT 8 (1958): 422. 26 The similarity between the War Scroll and 4Q285 was noted by J. T. Milik, "Milki-sedeq et Milki-resa c dans les anciens ecrits juifs et chretiens," JJS 23 (1972): 142-43. Few fragments from 4Q285 describe the war and angelology in a fashion similar to the War Scroll. 27 See G. Vermes, "The Oxford Forum for Qumran Research Seminar on the Rule of War from Cave 4 (4Q285)," JJS 43 (1992): 85-94; J. D. Tabor, "A Pierced or Piercing Messiah?—The Verdict Is Still Out," BAR 18/6 (1992): 58-59.
38 HANAN ESHEL 1. ... As it is written in the book of] Isaiah the Prophet, 2. ["The thickets of the forest] will be cut [down with an axe and Lebanon by a majestic one will f]all. And there shall come forth a shoot from the stump of Jesse 3. [ A twig shall sprout from his stock." . . .] the branch of David and they will enter into judgment with [all] 4. [the army of Belial. And the king of the Kittim will be judged] and the Prince of the Congregation, the Bra[nch of] 5. [David] will kill him [. . . and they will go out with timbrel] s and dances. And [the Chief] 6. Priest shall command [to purify their flesh of the blood of the slain of the Kittim. [And al]l [the people. . . . Some of the fragments of 4Q285 are parallel to fragments of 11 QBer or 11Ql4. 28 In this scroll some remains of the above fragment have survived. 29 Although the War Scroll and Sefer ha-Milhamah resemble one another, there are some fundamental differences between them, the most important of which is that the Prince of the Congregation is mentioned in Sefer ha-Milhamah, while only the High Priest and the Chief Priest are mentioned in the War Scroll. The Kittim are mentioned in Sefer ha-Milhamah only in eschatological contexts. Thus, it is impossible to know to whom the author of this composition referred. As noted above, this fragment of Sefer ha- Milhamah is based on Isa. 10:34. The same verse was interpreted in 4QpIs a (4Q161), and the Kittim were mentioned in this pesher only in the interpretation of Isa. 10:33—34. It seems, therefore, that Pesher Isaiah was using Sefer ha-Milhamah as its source. In the second and third columns of Pesher Isaiah we read: 30 28 See B. Nitzan, "Benedictions and Instructions for the Eschatological Community (11QBer; 4Q285)," ReoQ, 16 (1993): 77-90; M. G. Abegg, "Messianic Hope and 4Q285: A Reassessment," JBL 113 (1994): 81-91; E. J. C. Tigchelaar, "Working with Few Data: The Relation between 4Q285 and 11Q14," DSD 7/1 (2000): 49-56. 29 See F. Garcia Martinez, E. J. C. Tigchelaar, and A. S. van der Woude, eds., Qumran Cave 11:11. 11Q2-18, 11Q20-30 (DJD 23; Clarendon, Oxford, 1998), 245-46. It is interesting that 11Q14 frg. 2 is based on the pesher to Deut. 32:6, which appears in Sir. 50:26. 30 See M. P. Horgan, Pesharim: Qumran Interpretations of Biblical Books, CBQMS 8 (Washington, D.C.: Catholic Biblical Society of America, 1979), 1.17-18, 2.75-76.
Page 2 and 3: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 4 and 5: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE After the first three Orion
Page 10 and 11: ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13: HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15: JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
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Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
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Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143:
COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147:
COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
Page 216 and 217:
37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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