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ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM DANIEL R. SCHWARTZ Hebrew University of Jerusalem 4Q248, published in 1997 by Magen Broshi and Esther Eshel, 1 has been perceived as resolving two issues, both in connection with 1 Macc. 1:20-24. On the one hand, Broshi and Eshel took this tantalizingly fragmentary Qumran text to confirm 1 Maccabees' story, over against that of 2 Maccabees, concerning the chronology of Antiochus IV's robbery of the Temple of Jerusalem. On the other hand, Lawrence H. Schiffman took the passage in 1 Maccabees to show that the term used in 4Q248, as in some other Qumran texts, refers to the Temple complex and not to the city of Jerusalem—an oft-debated issue. 2 In this paper, however, I argue that 4Q248 in fact supports the opposite positions concerning both questions. I argue that 4Q248 supports 2 Maccabees' date of Antiochus' robbery of the Temple, not that of 1 Maccabees, and that proper understanding of the evidence of 1 and 2 Maccabees, as well as that of Daniel and Josephus, will demonstrate that refers here, in fact, to the whole city of Jerusalem and not specifically to the Temple complex. The circumstances of Antiochus IV's visits to Jerusalem are an old question of early Hasmonean history but still open to debate. Everyone agrees that Antiochus twice invaded Egypt and withdrew from it, namely in 170/169 and in 168 BCE, 3 and everyone agrees that on his way back from Egypt to Syria he robbed Jerusalem. However, our two main sources for Jewish history of the period, 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees, each of which report a visit and 1 M. Broshi and E. Eshel, "The Greek King Is Antiochus IV (4QHistorical Text = 4Q248)," JJS 48 (1997): 120-29. 2 See Broshi and Eshel, "Antiochus IV," 128, and L. H. Schiffman, "Ir Ha- Miqdash and Its Meaning in the Temple Scroll and Other Qumran Texts," in Sanctity of Time and Space in Tradition and Modernity, ed. A. Houtman, M. J. H. M. Poorthuis, and J. Schwartz, Jewish and Christian Perspectives Series 1 (Leiden: Brill, 1998), esp. 107-9. 3 On these campaigns, see O. M0rkholm, Antiochus IV of Syria, Classica et Mediaevalia, Dissertationes 8 (K0benhavn: Gyldendalske-Nordisk, 1966), chapters 4—5.
46 DANIEL R. SCHWARTZ looting by the king in Jerusalem, differ as to the date of the event. 1 Macc. 1:20 dates the visit to 143 of the Seleucid Era (henceforth: SE), which, virtually all agree, means 170/169 BCE and hence refers to the aftermath of Antiochus' first invasion of Egypt. 2 Maccabees 5, however, reports his visit to Jerusalem only after the opening verse explicitly places it in the wake of Antiochus' second invasion of Egypt (v. 1: ). In line with a general scholarly bias favoring the historical reliability of 1 Maccabees, most scholars have accepted its dating of Antiochus' robbery in Jerusalem and simply rejected 2 Maccabees' testimony out of hand. 4 Nevertheless, two harmonizing suggestions have been made: (1) some scholars, most notably Abel, distinguish between two stages in Antiochus' first Egyptian campaign and suggest that 2 Maccabees' reference to the "second invasion" refers to the latter part of the first one; (2) more recently, Gera has attempted to deal with the problem by translating as "approach" rather than "invasion." 5 Such a translation allows Gera to take "second" in 2 Macc. 5:1 to be alluding back to 4:21, which reports that Antiochus visited Jaffa due to his fears of Egyptian aggression; if the reader takes that to be Antiochus' first approach to Egypt, then his first invasion of Egypt (in the usual reckoning) could be termed, in 5:1, his second approach to Egypt. In my opinion, neither harmonizing solution is acceptable. The first is rather desperate and has nothing to recommend it. Gera's, in contrast, has a certain attraction insofar as it takes "second" in 2 Macc. 5:1 to be building not on the reader's knowledge of something the book doesn't mention (the fact that Antiochus twice invaded the country) but, rather, on the reader's knowledge from 4:21. But I hesitate to accept it for three reasons: (1) if read this way, 5:1 would in fact confuse the reader, because 4:21 does not mention that Antiochus went anywhere near Egypt, while 2 Maccabees 5 definitely states that Antiochus went to Egypt and back (see v. 21); 4 See, e.g., M rkholm, Antiochus IV, 142; E. Schiirer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, vol. 1, rev. and ed. G. Vermes et al. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1973), 151 (and 152-53 n. 37); M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1974), 115-16. 5 F.-M. Abel, Les limes des Maccabees, Etudes bibliques (Paris: Gabalda, 1949), 348-49 (followed by Schurer, History of the Jewish People, 153 n. 37); D. Gera, Judaea and Mediterranean Politics, 219 to 161 B.C.E., Brill's Series in Jewish Studies 8 (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 155-56.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE After the first three Orion
Page 10 and 11: ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13: HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15: JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 60 and 61: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
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COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
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COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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