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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Method The technique used to analyze Qumran pottery samples is neutron activation analysis, specifically designed to fingerprint chemically a ceramic vessel or just a shard. It is based on the premise that each clay source on Earth has a different geochemical history, hence a different chemical composition, and can therefore be distinguished from all others (Perlman & Asaro, 1969; Gunneweg et al., 1988). Thus pottery made from these clays can also be distinguished from pottery of clay from other sources. NAA has the capability to determine quantitatively about thirty-five chemical elements—for the major part trace elements—that provide the so-called chemical fingerprint of a vessel. The elements belong to all the different groups on the periodical table. By subjecting a set of samples to a beam of neutrons in a nuclear reactor, one sets off a nuclear reaction that includes all of the chemical elements, and ultimately results in the abundance of the elements. The purpose of the irradiation is to convert a small fraction of the stable isotopes of the various elements into a radioactive form that emits gamma rays. These mono-energetic gamma rays will later identify the element, while the abundance of the element is determined by counting the gamma-photons that are emitted in a predetermined length of time. Grouping After we have analyzed a considerable number of pottery shards and other materials that are supposed to be specific to a site, we attempt to construct a pottery group or groups based upon chemical the Hebrew University; I. Perlman, J. Gunneweg and J. Yellin 1986, Pseudo- Nabataean Ware from Jerusalem, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 262, pp. 77-82; J. Gunneweg, I. Perlman and F. Asaro 1988, The Origin, Classification and Chronology of Nabataean Painted Fine Ware, Jahrbuch des Rb'misch-Germanischen Zentral Museums, Mainz, vol. 35, pp. 1-30; J. Gunneweg and H. Mommsen 1990, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and the Origin of some Edomite vessels and Cult Objects from Horvat Qitmit, Archaeometry 32, pp. 7-18; J. Gunneweg and J. Yellin 1990, The Origin of the Hellenistic and Roman Stamped Handles from the City of David, Jerusalem, in D. T. Ariel, City of David II, Qedem 30, pp. 89-93; J. Gunneweg and H. Mommsen 1995, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Vessels and Cult Objects, pp. 280-86 in Horvat Qitmit, an Edomite Shrine in the Biblical Negev, I. Beit Arieh, Monograph Series No. 11 of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University.
182 JAN GUNNEWEG AND MARTA BALLA composition by using multivariate statistics. Characteristic statistical values (mean vector and covariance matrix) of the group or groups are defined as well as the chemical outliers. A group or groups tested on a given confidence level can be used from now on for further comparisons. To determine the relation of any pottery piece with this group, one has to establish the statistical match of the chemical composition of the artifact in question with that of the reference group. We have devised certain criteria for deciding whether the test piece is part of the group. Modus operandi Ninety-one samples of reference materials and vessels were taken from Qumran finds to establish a local chemical profile and a search for a statistical match of the vessels to this profile respectively. Pottery powder obtained by a sapphire drill was placed into a plastic cup and registered. The powder was then weighed and sealed in a polyethylene vial. These vials were irradiated in the nuclear reactor of the Technical University of Budapest with a neutron flux of 2.4 X 10. 12 A Canberra HPGe Well-type Detector, connected to a Canberra SI00 Multichannel Analyzer, performed the Gamma-spectrometric measurements. For the evaluation of spectra, SAMPO 90 software was used. Standardization was made by the so-called single comparator method, using gold as the comparator element. The accuracy of the measurements was controlled by measuring the NBS 1633a Coal Fly Ash Standard Reference material. An Interesting Find If we find that there is a corroboration between what has been learned from the pottery vis-a-vis the epigraphy and palaeography of the scrolls themselves, our goal is achieved. One may be able to prove that independent information providing the same conclusions can be reached through different disciplines. However, before reaching that conclusion we first have to sample systematically as many pieces of pottery as possible, from as many caves. Only this may provide the necessary data needed for sound conclusions. Among the scrolls discovered at Qumran is a minor assembly of Greek papyrus fragments found together in Cave 7. This cave con-
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
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HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
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12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
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THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
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KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
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ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
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DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
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COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143: COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145: COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147: COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149: COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151: COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153: COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155: COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
Page 156 and 157: COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
Page 158 and 159: THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
Page 160 and 161: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
Page 164 and 165: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
Page 166 and 167: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
Page 168 and 169: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
Page 170 and 171: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
Page 172 and 173: 4:36-37 to each as any might have n
Page 174 and 175: NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
Page 176 and 177: THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
Page 178 and 179: GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
Page 184 and 185: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
Page 186 and 187: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 188 and 189: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 190 and 191: HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
Page 194 and 195: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
Page 196 and 197: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
Page 198 and 199: INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
Page 200 and 201: Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
Page 202 and 203: Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
Page 204 and 205: 8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
Page 206 and 207: Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
Page 208 and 209: CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
Page 210 and 211: . Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
Page 212 and 213: Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
Page 214 and 215: STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
Page 216 and 217: 37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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