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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS DAVID GOODBLATT University of California, San Diego As someone whose professional research interests have always included the Second Temple period, I applaud the Orion Center for their choice of topic for this symposium, Jewish History from the Maccabees to Bar Kokhba in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls, because it encourages a dialogue between Qumran studies and the study of the history of Judea during late Second Temple times. Such a dialogue has been all too rare during the first half century of study of the scrolls. Not that Second Temple history was absent from Qumran studies but it was invoked only as background and context. Qumran scholars looked to Second Temple history in their attempts to identify the group which produced (at least some of) the scrolls. They used that history to identify the (very few) historical personages mentioned by name in the texts, and to suggest possibilities for uncovering the persons hiding behind such sobriquets as the Wicked Priest and the Wrathful Lion. 1 What was relatively lacking was the reverse: using the Dead Sea Scrolls to illuminate the history of the Jews. This lack meant that there was relatively little mutual dialogue. One exception concerns the period between the death of Alcimus in about 160 BCE and the appointment of Jonathan as high priest in 152 BCE. Several scholars have used Qumran materials in an attempt to reconstruct what happened in Jerusalem during these years. 2 However, it 1 For the few historical personages mentioned by name, see M. Broshi, "Ptolas and the Archelaus Massacre (4Q468g = 4Qhistorical text B)," JJS 49 (1998): 342-43. The identification of the pwt ys mentioned in this text as Ptolas, on pp. 343—45, has been contested by J. Strugnell, "The Historical Background to 4Q468g [= 4Qhistorical text B]," RevQ73 (1999): 137-38; D. R. Schwartz, "4Q468g: Ptollas?" JJS 50 (1999): 308-9; and W. Horbury, "The Proper Name in 4Q468g: Peitholaus?" JJS 50 (1999): 310-11. 2 I refer to those advocates of the 'Maccabean Hypothesis' of Qumran origins who suggested that Jonathan was the Wicked Priest while the Teacher of Righteousness may have been the high priest who succeeded Alcimus. This group includes G. Vermes, J. T. Milik, G. Jeremias, H. Stegemann, and J. Murphy-O'Connor. See the literature
4 DAVID GOODBLATT is hard to think of other examples. There are also instances of scholars who contribute both to Qumran studies and to the history of Second Temple Judea and one would hesitate to say there was absolutely no overlap between their work on these two subjects. Still, we are dealing with exceptions and not the rule. That the first half century of Qumran studies has had limited impact on the historiography of Second Temple Judea can be illustrated in various ways. Let us begin by looking at the revised edition of Fitzmyer's The Dead Sea Scrolls, which gives us a sense of the state of the field in 1990. Chapter Ten, a "Select Bibliography on Some Topics of Dead Sea Scrolls Study," contains ten topics, including archaeology, the Bible and biblical interpretation, theology, messianism, the New Testament, the calendar, and the history of the Qumran community. The history of Judea or of the Jews, however, is not one of the topics. The situation did not change during the 1990s, as a perusal of more current scholarship will indicate. I begin with three recently published introductions to Qumran studies. Vanderkam's The Dead Sea Scrolls Today has the following chapters: "Discoveries," "Survey of the Manuscripts," "The Identification of the Qumran Group," "The Qumran Essenes," "The Scrolls and the Old Testament," "The Scrolls and the New Testament," and "Controversies about the Dead Sea Scrolls." Cross, in his revised version of The Ancient Library of Qumran, has these chapters: "Discovery of an Ancient Library," "The Essenes, the People of the Scrolls," "The Righteous Teacher and Essene Origins," "The Old Testament at Qumran," and "The Essenes and the Primitive Church." The chapters in Jonathan Campbell's Deciphering the Dead Sea Scrolls are titled "What Are the Dead Sea Scrolls?," "The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible," "Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?," "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Judaism," "Christianity Reconsidered," and "Controversy and Conspiracy." No one has a chapter on the Scrolls and the history of the Jews or of Judea. 3 cited by P. R. Callaway, The History of the Qumran Community. An Investigation (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1988), 212 n. 5, and 15-19, for a summary statement of the positions of the three last-named members of this school of thought. 3 J. A. Fitzmyer, The Dead Sea Scrolls. Major Publications and Tools for Study, rev. ed., SBLRBS 20 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990); J. C. VanderKam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994); F. M. Cross, Jr., The Ancient Library of Qumran, 3rd ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995); J. G. Campbell, Deciphering the Dead Sea Scrolls (London: Fontana, 1996).
Page 2 and 3: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 4 and 5: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE After the first three Orion
Page 10 and 11: ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13: HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 16 and 17: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 64 and 65:
ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
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DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
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Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
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COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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Page 138 and 139:
COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
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COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
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COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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