historical perspectives: from the hasmoneans to bar kokhba in light ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS GILA KAHILA BAR-GAL,' CHARLES GREENBLATT,' SCOTT R. WOODWARD , 2 MAGEN BROSHI, S AND PATRICIA SMITH* Introduction The Dead Sea Scrolls are unique early records of our cultural heritage. Some of the scrolls were nearly complete when found but the majority were greatly fragmented. Some fragments could be pieced together by matching text patterns, scribal characteristics, ink, and factors such as physical damage (Stegemann, 1992), but many others are still unmatched. New technologies developed in forensic science and anthropology have demonstrated that it is possible to recover DNA from archeological specimens, including parchment (Woodward et al., 1996). This new technology may help us to match these fragments, as well as to reveal more about the choice of animals whose skins were used for writing these texts. DNA contains the genetic information of an organism. This information is coded in genes and is capable of self replication. DNA is found in both the nucleus and cellular organelles—the mitochondri a—which are found in multiple copies in the cell. In this research we analyzed the DNA of two different regions in the mitochondria, the cytochrome b and the mitochondrial control region (D-loop). Each of them is about 1,100 nucleotides in length. The nucleotides are the molecules that compose the DNA. The cytochrome b gene is species-specific while the D-loop region can identify species, individuals and closely related individuals such as would be seen in a herd or flock (Irwin, 1991). The DNA recovered from ancient specimens is fragmented in pieces several hundred nucleotides long. We can devise means of 1 Sanford F. Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 2 Department of Microbiology, Brigham Young University. 3 The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. * Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Ancient DNA, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
166 KAHILA BAR-GAL ET AL. analyzing each of the fragments and combining the results to obtain information on the entire sequence. The fragmented DNA contains significant information, because it is a unique signature of the individual animal. These samples provide an opportunity to study the genetic characteristics of ancient organisms and to describe individual and population histories. The initial contribution of DNA analysis to the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls is in determining the animal species from which the parchments were made and in characterizing the genetic characteristics of the local animal population. This method can also aid in grouping together scroll fragments and assist in the matching of new text sequences and verifying the matches that have been done by other methods. With the rapid advances in technology it should be possible to achieve these goals. In this study we applied DNA analysis to the Qumran parchments in order to examine the above questions. Methods and Materials The major technological advance that has made this study feasible is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Saiki et al., 1988). Starting with the few remaining copies of DNA extracted from the original tissue sample, PCR amplifies specified fragments of DNA up to millions of copies. In this study parchments from Qumran were sampled under the supervision of the curators of the scrolls to prevent damage. The samples were cut with small delicate scissors or a blade at either the edges of the sheet (areas that are not crucial for matching in the future) or in blank areas. The sample size was small, approximately 0.5 cm 2 , in order to minimize the damage. Seven samples were taken from different storage boxes (DSSF1, DSSF, 4Q259 810 sample 24, DSS 3-14 Cave 3, DSS 3-15 Cave 3, DSS 17 Cave 4) and others from scrolls. From the Temple Scroll., the most complete scroll and the longest, eleven small pieces were taken from six pages and one stitch. On one page two samples were taken from different locations, one from the fragment attached to the sheet and the other from the sheet itself. This sampling was in order to verify the morphological matching. DNA was extracted from the small pieces of parchment twice
Page 2 and 3:
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 4 and 5:
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7:
CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 8 and 9:
PREFACE After the first three Orion
Page 10 and 11:
ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13:
HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37:
12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39:
JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41:
THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43:
KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59:
ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71:
SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73:
SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75:
SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77:
SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79:
SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81:
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115:
THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
Page 116 and 117:
"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
Page 138 and 139: COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
Page 140 and 141: COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
Page 142 and 143: COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
Page 144 and 145: COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
Page 146 and 147: COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
Page 148 and 149: COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
Page 150 and 151: COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
Page 152 and 153: COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
Page 154 and 155: COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
Page 156 and 157: COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
Page 158 and 159: THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
Page 160 and 161: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
Page 162 and 163: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
Page 164 and 165: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
Page 166 and 167: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
Page 168 and 169: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
Page 170 and 171: COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
Page 172 and 173: 4:36-37 to each as any might have n
Page 174 and 175: NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
Page 178 and 179: GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
Page 184 and 185: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
Page 186 and 187: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 188 and 189: ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
Page 190 and 191: HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
Page 192 and 193: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
Page 194 and 195: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
Page 196 and 197: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
Page 198 and 199: INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
Page 200 and 201: Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
Page 202 and 203: Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
Page 204 and 205: 8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
Page 206 and 207: Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
Page 208 and 209: CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
Page 210 and 211: . Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
Page 212 and 213: Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
Page 214 and 215: STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
Page 216 and 217: 37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
show all

historical perspectives: from the hasmoneans to bar kokhba in light ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?