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12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 Enochic literature 15 Genesis 16 Jubilees 17 Exodus 21 Isaiah 29 Deuteronomy 36 Psalms JUDEAN NATIONALISM 25 The suitability of these texts for public reading is, in most cases, obvious. Psalms, Shirot Olat Hashabbat, and 4QBerakhot contain hymns that could be recited in public worship. The recitation of hymns could be what 1QS 6:6—8 meant when it prescribed "blessing together" as one of the activities at the nightly sessions of "the Many." The Community Rule, Damascus Document, and MMT were also suitable for public lection. Another activity of the nightly sessions was legal discussion ( ). This might refer to a reading and discussion of the aforementioned documents. 52 The other frequently occurring texts are the four prophetic books (= Judaism's "Latter Prophets"), Daniel, the books of the Pentateuch, and three "parapentateuchal" works: Jubilees, Enoch, and Aramaic Levi. Certainly the central significance of "the Law and the Prophets" in ancient Judaism needs no argument. Daniel was probably considered part of the prophetic canon, as it is in the Christian Bible. Of the three last named books, it is clear from CD 16:3-4 that Jubilees was considered authoritative at Qumran. (In this case our argument does not merely assume what needs to be proved, that many exemplars mean the text was considered authoritative.) As to Aramaic Levi, the tribal eponym certainly was important as the progenitor of the priestly clan, and I have already mentioned the tradition in Jubilees and Testament of Qohat that he inherited the patriarchal library. The importance of the Enoch 52 On the meaning of this phrase see the comments of L. H. Schiffman, The Halakhah at Qumran, SJLA 16 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975), 32-33. And on as a sectarian technical term, see there 42-47. The argument of P. R. Davies, "Redaction and Sectarianism in the Qumran Scrolls," in his Sects and Scrolls: Essays in Qumran and Related Topics, SFSHJ 134 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1996), 156-59, that 1QS was a Utopian document rather than one governing an actual, living community, does not affect my point. He himself, 158, correctly notes the parallel with the Mishnah. Despite its Utopian character the latter has the been the subject of intensive private and group study for centuries.
26 DAVID GOODBLATT literature may involve issues of calendar and angelology. In sum, the only frequently occurring book which I have difficulty explaining as a performance text is Tobit, and this work is at the low end of the frequency list. Assuming that we are dealing with performance texts, it is also possible to suggest reasons why Psalms, Deuteronomy, and Isaiah occur in the most exemplars. Other compositions like Shirot 0lat Hashabbat, 4QBerakhot, and Hodayot show the importance of hymns at Qumran. The book of Psalms was the model and inspiration for these compositions and thus the most likely source of hymns read out loud. Deuteronomy is perhaps the most suitable of all the books of the Pentateuch for public recitation. It has the highest concentration of homiletic material and rhetorical embellishment. For example, it is the book that contributed the Shema, the emergent central prayer of Judaism. The suitability of Isaiah, with its poetic style and variety of themes, for public reading is also obvious. Less clear is why it was considered more suitable than Jeremiah or the Twelve Prophets. But it is worth noting that Isaiah provides more hqftorah readings, i.e., lections from the second of the three parts of the Hebrew Bible known as the Prophets, than any other book. 53 Finally, Ulrich points that these three books are also the ones most frequently cited in the New Testament. 54 This could mean no more than that Psalms, Deuteronomy, and Isaiah were the most widely available manuscripts. After all, those who wrote the New Testament were literate. However, it might also indicate that these three books were the most familiar to the nonliterate earliest followers of Jesus, and that they were most familiar because they were most often read aloud. It is probably coincidental that the one book, in addition to "Moses/the Law," that the New Testament mentions by name as read in a synagogue is Isaiah—but perhaps not! To sum up, the finds at Qumran give us for the first time a large collection of books from Second Temple times. In view of the evi- 53 See the chart in L. Jacobs, "Torah, Reading of, History of," EJ 15 (1971): 1250. Isaiah supplies fifteen, followed by eleven from Kings, eight from the Twelve Prophets, seven from Jeremiah, and five from Ezekiel. See also the chart for the holiday lections, EJ 15 (1971): 1251. Isaiah leads there as well with six, but the distribution is much more even: Kings, Ezekiel, and the Twelve supply five each and Samuel provides four. 54 E. Ulrich, "The Bible in the Making: The Scriptures at Qumran," in Community of the Renewed Covenant, 79.
Page 2 and 3: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 4 and 5: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE After the first three Orion
Page 10 and 11: ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
Page 12 and 13: HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
Page 14 and 15: JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
Page 16 and 17: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
Page 18 and 19: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
Page 20 and 21: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
Page 22 and 23: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
Page 24 and 25: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
Page 26 and 27: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 78 and 79: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 86 and 87:
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
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Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
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THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
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COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
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COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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