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SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 67 pesher was thus cut into two. The early chapter described the later period and the latter chapters described the earlier period. On the basis of this analysis we may guess that if 5:14 was interpreted as referring to King Yannai, 6:9-10 could now be interpreted as referring again to the reign of Shelamzion. These verses speak of "Lechery committed. In the house of Israel I have seen a horrible thing. Ephraim's harlotry is there, Israel is defiled." .(4Q167 10+26 1-3) ... Although the fragment of the pesher contains only part of the verses and no interpretation, we would not be far off the mark in guessing that the interpretation would now go on to decry the rule of the Pharisees— Ephraim. The Queen, however, would be unmentioned. The harlotry of Ephraim mentioned in the verse would be a fittingly gendered allusion to the sect's judgement of her and her henchmen. Conclusion In this study I identify two exegetical techniques employed by the Qumran community in their pesharim and a fresh interpretation of their observations and comments on the reign of Queen Shelamzion. A. The Qumran sect interpreted the biblical texts consecutively, assuming that they are all inspired and describe the events in chronological order. Thus, if Nahum 2 is interpreted as a reference to the reign of King Yannai, then Nahum 3 refers to the subsequent rule of Queen Shelamzion. When, however, this chronological sequence failed them, they cut the biblical book into two. Thus Hosea 5-8 was interpreted separately from Hosea 2. Chapters 5—8 were understood to describe the reign of Yannai, followed by that of Shelamzion. Chapter 2, earlier in the book of Hosea, was understood to describe the reign of Shelamzion, followed by chaos and civil war during her son's reign. B. The Qumran sectarians used gendered biblical verses when referring to Queen Shelamzion and other women but made no direct allusions to them. Why the sectarians failed to mention the queen directly, or why they failed to give her a code name, is not quite clear. Perhaps they simply found the concept of women in positions of authority intolerable. In any case, they probably felt that the biblical imagery of harlotry was strong enough to voice their revulsion.
68 TAL ILAN Their use of a gendered verse from Hosea, in response to a verse of promise from Deuteronomy used by the Rabbis to praise Shelamzion, help us to unveil one of these allusions to the queen. These two techniques allow us a glimpse of the Qumran view of the Queen's rule. They may have been displeased with her husband's mishandling of the Pharisees, but they were no more pleased with the Queen, or with the power she put in the hands of her husband's enemies. They were also thoroughly appalled by the power vested in the hands of a woman. This they viewed, with all the colorful imagery of the Bible, as harlotry and shameful female nakedness. The queen, in their eyes, was nothing more than the 'whore of Babylon' (Nah. 3:4).
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE H
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CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations
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PREFACE After the first three Orion
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ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW
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HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM IN THE LIGHT OF
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 5 The absence of
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 7 was not a vagu
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 9 'tribal' natur
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 1 1 rnon culture
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 13 Anderson emph
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JUDEAN NATIONALISM 15 Jews of antiq
Page 28 and 29: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 17 we find refer
Page 30 and 31: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 19 The evidence
Page 32 and 33: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 21 cannot learn
Page 34 and 35: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 23 the removal o
Page 36 and 37: 12 Community Rule 13 Leviticus 14 E
Page 38 and 39: JUDEAN NATIONALISM 27 dence from ot
Page 40 and 41: THE KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN
Page 42 and 43: KITTIM IN THE WAR SCROLL AND IN THE
Page 56 and 57: ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 58 and 59: ANTIOGHUS IV EPIPHANES IN JERUSALEM
Page 68 and 69: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN: NEW INSIGHTS
Page 70 and 71: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 59 Pharisees,
Page 72 and 73: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 61 also alludi
Page 74 and 75: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 63 ["If you wi
Page 76 and 77: SHELAMZION IN QUMRAN 65 the same va
Page 80 and 81: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPL
Page 94 and 95: COMMUNITY AND COVENANT
Page 96 and 97: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT IN QUMR
Page 98 and 99: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 87 nuit
Page 100 and 101: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 89 refo
Page 102 and 103: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 91 the
Page 104 and 105: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 93 cove
Page 106 and 107: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 95 ment
Page 108 and 109: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 97 puni
Page 110 and 111: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 99 "who
Page 112 and 113: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 101 nam
Page 114 and 115: THE CONCEPT OF THE COVENANT 103 it"
Page 116 and 117: "[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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"[T]HE[Y] DID NOT READ IN THE SEALE
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COMMUNAL FASTS IN THE JUDEAN DESERT
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COMMUNAL FASTS 129 The word (also t
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COMMUNAL FASTS 131 the time of Hero
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COMMUNAL FASTS 133 It is clear that
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COMMUNAL FASTS 135 snares of Belial
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COMMUNAL FASTS 137 Priest persecute
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COMMUNAL FASTS 139 law-breakers in
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COMMUNAL FASTS 141 It may also be r
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COMMUNAL FASTS 143 These excerpts s
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COMMUNAL FASTS 145 to suggest other
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THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS AMONG THE FI
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 149 The two Gree
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 151 summary repe
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 153 no buying or
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 155 Although the
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 157 her husband,
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COMMUNITY OF GOODS 159 makes use of
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4:36-37 to each as any might have n
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NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS
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THE GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD S
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GENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE DEAD SEA S
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL AN
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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ANALYSIS OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIAL 17
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HOW NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS CAN
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 181 Met
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 183 tai
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 185 tai
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS Abegg, M. G
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Lauterbach, J. Z. 114 n. 30 Lehnard
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Genesis 9:4 10:4 Exodus 14:13 19:8
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8:13-14 9-10 1 Chronicles 3:3 12:39
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Pseudo-Philo, LAB 8-9 Testament of
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CD (Damascus Document) 1:7 1:10-13
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. Baba Batra 21a b. B Mesi'a 104a b
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Aristotle, Me. Eth. 19.8.1168b Cice
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STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT
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37. Goodblatt, D., A. Pinnick & D.R
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