The Australian Immunisation Handbook 10th Edition 2013

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Acknowledgments Dr Frank Beard Professor Julie Bines Dr Julia Brotherton Associate Professor Tony Brown Professor Margaret Burgess Dr Dave Burgner Dr Jim Buttery Professor Jonathan Carapetis Dr Ben Cowie Dr Andrew Daley Professor Basil Donovan Dr Mark Douglas Professor David Durrheim Professor Dominic Dwyer Professor Joan Faoagali Dr Tony Gherardin Dr Heather Gidding Professor Lyn Gilbert Dr Robert Hall Dr Alan Hampson Dr Penny Hutchinson Dr Heath Kelly Professor Michael Kidd Dr Ann Koehler xiv The Australian Immunisation Handbook 10th edition Dr Vicki Krause Associate Professor Stephen Lambert Associate Professor Amanda Leach Professor Raina MacIntyre Professor John Mackenzie Associate Professor Guy Marks Dr Jeremy McAnulty Dr Brad McCall Dr Elizabeth McCarthy Dr Neil Parker Professor Bill Rawlinson Associate Professor Tilman Ruff Dr Rosalie Schultz Dr Vicky Sheppeard Associate Professor Vitali Sintchenko Associate Professor Monica Slavin Associate Professor David Smith Dr Bruce Thorley Dr Joe Torressi Dr Siranda Torvaldsen Ms Maureen Watson Dr Rosalind Webby Dr Melanie Wong Professor Nick Zwar
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AUSTRALIAN IMMUNISATION HANDBOOK 1.1 BACKGROUND For more than 200 years, since Edward Jenner first demonstrated that vaccination offered protection against smallpox, the use of vaccines has continued to reduce the burden of many infectious diseases. Vaccination has been demonstrated to be one of the most effective and cost-effective public health interventions. Worldwide, it has been estimated that immunisation programs prevent approximately 2.5 million deaths each year. 1 The global eradication of smallpox in 1997, near elimination of poliomyelitis and global reduction in other vaccine-preventable diseases, are model examples of disease control through immunisation. Vaccination not only protects individuals, but also protects others in the community by increasing the overall level of immunity in the population and thus minimising the spread of infection. This concept is known as ‘herd immunity’. It is vital that healthcare professionals take every available opportunity to vaccinate children and adults. Australia has one of the most comprehensive publicly funded immunisation programs in the world. As a result of successful vaccination programs in Australia, many diseases, for example, tetanus, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b and poliomyelitis, do not occur now or are extremely rare in Australia. 2 The purpose of The Australian Immunisation Handbook is to provide clinical guidelines for health professionals on the safest and most effective use of vaccines in their practice. These recommendations are developed by the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) and were considered for approval by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (under section 14A of the NHMRC Act 1992). The Handbook provides guidance based on the best scientific evidence available at the time of publication from published and unpublished literature. Further details regarding the Handbook revision procedures are described below in 1.2 Development of the 10th edition of the Handbook. The reference lists for all chapters are included in the electronic version of the Handbook, which is available via the Immunise Australia website (www.immunise.health.gov.au). The information contained within this Handbook was correct as at October 2012. However, the content of the Handbook is reviewed regularly. The 10th edition of The Australian Immunisation Handbook will remain current unless amended electronically via the Immunise Australia website or until the 11th edition of the Handbook is published. PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AUSTRALIAN IMMUNISATION HANDBOOK 1 1.1 BACKGROUND
Page 1 and 2: The Australian Immunisation Handboo
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD Since 1932, when Governmen
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 INTRODUCTI
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1.1: Pre-vac
Page 9 and 10: List 4.13.1: Conditions associated
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE The 10th edition of The Aus
Page 13: Secretariat support, Australian Tec
Page 17 and 18: 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE 10TH EDITION
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 HOW TO USE THE 10TH EDITION HAN
Page 21 and 22: 1.4 WHAT’S NEW All chapters have
Page 23 and 24: 2.2 Administration of vaccines •
Page 25 and 26: • The section on vaccination of p
Page 27 and 28: 4.6 Human papillomavirus • HPV va
Page 29 and 30: • For Aboriginal and Torres Strai
Page 31 and 32: Part 5 Passive immunisation • Inf
Page 33 and 34: without the harmful consequences of
Page 35 and 36: (vaccine failure). Often such infec
Page 37 and 38: will occur following receipt of a s
Page 39 and 40: cases, both the doctor issuing the
Page 41 and 42: Should a child or adolescent refuse
Page 43 and 44: • check that the correct time int
Page 45 and 46: Note: Please discuss this informati
Page 47 and 48: Condition or circumstance of person
Page 49 and 50: Condition or circumstance of person
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.1.3: Live attenuated parent
Page 53 and 54: An online ‘catch-up calculator’
Page 55 and 56: Use of serological testing to guide
Page 57 and 58: • For some vaccines, catch-up vac
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.1.1: Catch-up worksheet fo
Page 61 and 62: Vaccine Minimum age for 1st dose in
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.1.6: Number of vaccine dose
Page 65 and 66:
Catch-up guidelines for individual
Page 67 and 68:
If 13vPCV is not available, and 10v
Page 69 and 70:
Previous vaccination history 2 prev
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PART 2 VACCINATION PROCEDURES 57 Ta
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PART 2 VACCINATION PROCEDURES 59 Ta
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Catch-up schedules for persons ≥1
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For additional details on these rec
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2.2 ADMINISTRATION OF VACCINES 2.2.
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• Never freeze a vaccine after it
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PART 2 VACCINATION PROCEDURES 69 In
Page 85 and 86:
2.2.5 Vaccine injection techniques
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Interruption to a vaccination If th
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2.2.7 Positioning for vaccination I
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Children ≥12 months of age Cuddle
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2.2.8 Identifying the injection sit
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• Place the palm over the greater
Page 97 and 98:
2.2.9 Administering multiple vaccin
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2.3 POST-VACCINATION 2.3.1 Immediat
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Management of an immediate adverse
Page 103 and 104:
Management of anaphylaxis Rapid IM
Page 105 and 106:
Autoinjectors are generally not app
Page 107 and 108:
Australia. 16 This vaccine is no lo
Page 109 and 110:
Any serious or unexpected adverse e
Page 111 and 112:
Consumers and immunisation service
Page 113 and 114:
When relevant, immunisation service
Page 115 and 116:
National Human Papillomavirus Vacci
Page 117 and 118:
Immunisation service providers enro
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PART 3 VACCINATION FOR SPECIAL RISK
Page 121 and 122:
Thus, a vaccine to prevent Hib dise
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3.1.2 Adults Hepatitis B Indigenous
Page 125 and 126:
een low in younger Indigenous adult
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3.2 VACCINATION FOR INTERNATIONAL T
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• vaccination history (including
Page 131 and 132:
departure to allow for the period w
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Selected vaccines based on travel i
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Tick-borne encephalitis Tick-borne
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
3.2.5 Vaccinating the traveller wit
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• Travel health and quarantine se
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whether the AEFI is likely to recur
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(see Appendix 1 Contact details for
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
avoided, except in situations where
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3.3.3 Vaccination of immunocompromi
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Use of live viral or live bacterial
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Influenza vaccination is recommende
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Haematopoietic stem cell transplant
Page 171 and 172:
Vaccine Months after HSCT Comments
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depending on the number of vaccines
Page 175 and 176:
Persons with functional or anatomic
Page 177 and 178:
Table 3.3.5: Recommendations for va
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Persons with autoimmune diseases an
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Table 3.3.6: Recommended intervals
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3.3.7 Vaccination of persons at occ
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Occupation Vaccine Providers of hom
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against certain vaccine-preventable
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3.3.11 Vaccination of persons who i
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waters. All cases of cholera report
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Children aged 2-6 years Three doses
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4.1.11 Adverse events The inactivat
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4.2.4 Vaccines Diphtheria toxoid is
Page 199 and 200:
• Adacel - Sanofi Pasteur Pty Ltd
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antibodies at an age when waning of
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children aged
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4.3 HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B 4
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• Hiberix - GlaxoSmithKline (PRP-
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4.3.7 Recommendations Infants A Hib
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4.3.11 Public health management of
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In recent years, hepatitis A notifi
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Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines ar
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Co-administration with other vaccin
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Recommendations for the use of comb
Page 221 and 222:
4.4.10 Adverse events The most comm
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4.5.3 Epidemiology The prevalence o
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4.5.4 Vaccines Monovalent hepatitis
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For older children and young adults
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Vaccine Age of vaccine recipient Do
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Combination hepatitis A/hepatitis B
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Management of infants born to mothe
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Household or other close (household
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with occult hepatitis B infection.
Page 239 and 240:
immune memory persists and is thoug
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to suggest that a higher proportion
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Table 4.5.3: Post-exposure prophyla
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4.6 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS 4.6.1 Viro
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women. The prevalence of high-risk
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• Gardasil - CSL Limited/Merck &
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If scheduled doses have been missed
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However, some adult males may gain
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4.6.9 Contraindications The only ab
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4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology The in
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Figure 4.7.1: Influenza notificatio
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Always check annual seasonal influe
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7.5 µg of viral haemagglutinin (in
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Table 4.7.1: Recommended doses of i
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• Chronic respiratory conditions,
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Residents of residential aged care
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influenza vaccine prior to administ
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4.8 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS 4.8.1 Vir
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28 days following vaccination with
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When using JEspect in children aged
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4.8.8 Pregnancy and breastfeeding I
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4.9 MEASLES 4.9.1 Virology Measles
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4.9.4 Vaccines Monovalent measles v
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4.9.6 Dosage and administration The
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Table 4.9.1: Recommendations for me
Page 289 and 290:
increase in adverse events from vac
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Immunoglobulin or blood product adm
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approximately 5%. 2,25 There is als
Page 295 and 296:
Table 4.9.2: Post-exposure prophyla
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4.10 MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE 4.10.1 B
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4.10.4 Vaccines There are different
Page 301 and 302:
Polysaccharide vaccines Quadrivalen
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Interchangeability of meningococcal
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• Children (aged ≥9 months) and
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Appendix 1 Contact details for Aust
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4.11 MUMPS 4.11.1 Virology Mumps is
Page 311 and 312:
Trivalent measles-mumps-rubella (MM
Page 313 and 314:
4.11.7 Recommendations Infants aged
Page 315 and 316:
Vaccination with other live attenua
Page 317 and 318:
acquired from healthcare workers. 1
Page 319 and 320:
demonstrated a more rapid decline,
Page 321 and 322:
• Boostrix-IPV - GlaxoSmithKline
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in the previous 10 years. 19,45 Adu
Page 325 and 326:
(see ‘Women who are planning preg
Page 327 and 328:
an HHE. An HHE may last from a few
Page 329 and 330:
The product information for Quadrac
Page 331 and 332:
4.13 PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE 4.13.1 Ba
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non-Indigenous children (88%). 19,2
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10-valent pneumococcal conjugate va
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lesser antibody responses to 2nd or
Page 339 and 340:
Table 4.13.1: Recommendations for p
Page 341 and 342:
Category B: Conditions associated w
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Children aged >5 years to 15 years)
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Non-Indigenous adults A single dose
Page 347 and 348:
Adults who have a condition listed
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4.13.11 Adverse events 10-valent pn
Page 351 and 352:
5 years with a condition(s) associa
Page 353 and 354:
virtually eradicated in India, but
Page 355 and 356:
formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, polys
Page 357 and 358:
4.14.8 Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Page 359 and 360:
4.15 Q FEVER 4.15.1 Bacteriology Q
Page 361 and 362:
4.15.4 Vaccine • Q-Vax - CSL Limi
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individuals, which can be accessed
Page 365 and 366:
Refer to 3.3 Groups with special va
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4.16 RABIES AND OTHER LYSSAVIRUSES
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4.16.4 Rabies vaccines • Mérieux
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of an even more accelerated schedul
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Pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies
Page 375 and 376:
The relevant state/territory health
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Although data are limited on the ef
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Table 4.16.2: Post-exposure prophyl
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Figure 4.16.2: Post-exposure prophy
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Figure 4.16.3: Booster algorithm fo
Page 385 and 386:
allergic reaction occurs following
Page 387 and 388:
age group11,12 and affecting 3.8% o
Page 389 and 390:
of age, the risk of IS was increase
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Interchangeability of rotavirus vac
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gestational age; median 34 weeks) w
Page 395 and 396:
Infants living in households with p
Page 397 and 398:
4.17.12 Variations from product inf
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2003, rubella notifications in Aust
Page 401 and 402:
zoster virus [Oka strain]). Lyophil
Page 403 and 404:
children
Page 405 and 406:
A number of commercial assays for t
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Germany indicates that no case of v
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case. Seronegative women of child-b
Page 411 and 412:
4.19 TETANUS 4.19.1 Bacteriology Te
Page 413 and 414:
Formulations for children aged
Page 415 and 416:
4.19.5 Transport, storage and handl
Page 417 and 418:
foreign bodies (especially wood spl
Page 419 and 420:
studies indicate that the adverse r
Page 421 and 422:
The product information for Adacel
Page 423 and 424:
of MDR-TB cases identified has incr
Page 425 and 426:
BCG vaccination procedures BCG vacc
Page 427 and 428:
Occupational groups There is some e
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
In developed countries, typhoid fev
Page 433 and 434:
A 4th capsule taken on day 7 has be
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
4.22 VARICELLA 4.22.1 Virology Vari
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as a case of wild-type varicella oc
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Reconstituted Varivax Refrigerated
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adequate protection from varicella.
Page 445 and 446:
eceived varicella vaccine while bre
Page 447 and 448:
immunoglobulin and other blood prod
Page 449 and 450:
eported in a 9-year follow-up of 70
Page 451 and 452:
high-dose intravenous NHIG are like
Page 453 and 454:
4.23 YELLOW FEVER 4.23.1 Virology Y
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Co-administration with other vaccin
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Vaccine-associated neurotropic adve
Page 461 and 462:
1000 cases per 100 000 population i
Page 463 and 464:
administration of Zostavax with 23-
Page 465 and 466:
diagnosis. In addition, the risk of
Page 467 and 468:
Laboratory testing to check for an
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
the immunoglobulin preparations con
Page 473 and 474:
Prevention of measles Measles vacci
Page 475 and 476:
who are being treated with immunosu
Page 477 and 478:
limb with a separate syringe, and a
Page 479 and 480:
APPENDIX 1: CONTACT DETAILS FOR AUS
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APPENDIX 2: LITERATURE SEARCH STRAT
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APPENDIX 3: COMPONENTS OF VACCINES
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Vaccine component* Vaccine brand
Page 487 and 488:
APPENDIX 4: COMMONLY ASKED QUESTION
Page 489 and 490:
When should preterm infants be vacc
Page 491 and 492:
If a parent decides not to have a c
Page 493 and 494:
Should vaccines be given to persons
Page 495 and 496:
eason not to vaccinate. Asthma, ecz
Page 497 and 498:
Does MMR vaccine cause inflammatory
Page 499 and 500:
(either alone or in combination) fo
Page 501 and 502:
A4.5 Questions about the need for i
Page 503 and 504:
APPENDIX 5: GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL T
Page 505 and 506:
Enzootic enzootic infections are pr
Page 507 and 508:
Rotavirus a virus that is a common
Page 509 and 510:
APPENDIX 6: COMMONLY USED ABBREVIAT
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OPV oral poliomyelitis vaccine PCEC
Page 513 and 514:
Year Vaccine 2003 Varicella 2003 Me
Page 515 and 516:
identifying the injection site, 79-
Page 517 and 518:
Australian Capital Territory advers
Page 519 and 520:
and travellers, 119 vaccines, 177-1
Page 521 and 522:
abies and other lyssaviruses (inclu
Page 523 and 524:
HPV Vaccination Program, 234 human
Page 525 and 526:
interferon-gamma release assays (IG
Page 527 and 528:
mercury, in vaccines. see thiomersa
Page 529 and 530:
Northern Territory ACIR reporting,
Page 531 and 532:
and Haemophilus influenzae type b (
Page 533 and 534:
espiratory syncytial virus monoclon
Page 535 and 536:
Therapeutic Goods Administration (T
Page 537 and 538:
varicella-zoster immunoglobulin, 45
Page 539 and 540:
INDEX 525 INDEX
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