Rock Mechanics.pdf - Mining and Blasting

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DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS The weight of caved material below the level of point B has been ignored in this calculation. Inclination of thrust to failure surface. It is assumed that the thrust T is transmitted through the wedge BCDNML to the failure surface without loss or deviation. Hence, the inclination of T to the normal to the failure surface LM is = p2 + w − p1 (D.5) As shown in Figure 16.19, the angle may be either positive or negative. If is negative, the thrust T has a shear component that acts up the failure plane, and tends to stabilise rather than activate slip of the wedge. Water-pressure forces. The water-pressure force due to water in the tension crack is V = 1 2 wZ 2 w The water-pressure force U that acts normal to the failure surface is U = 1 2 wZw A = 1 2 wZw H2(sin cot 0 + cos ) − Z2 cos sin(p2 − ) (D.6) (D.7) Conditions of limiting equilibrium. It is assumed that the shear strength of the rock mass in the direction of failure is given by the linear Coulomb criterion = c ′ + ′ n tan ′ The effective normal and shear stresses acting on the failure surface are and ′ n = W cos p2 + T cos − U − V sin p2 A = W sin p2 + T sin − V cos p2 A The conditions for limiting equilibrium are found by substituting for ′ n equation D.8, which, on rearrangement, gives 581 W cos (p2 − ′ ) + T sin( − ′ ) + V cos(p2 − ′ ) + U sin ′ (D.8) (D.9) (D.10) and into −c ′ A cos ′ = 0 (D.11)
APPENDIX D LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS Mining depth for new failure. Substitution for W, A, T, V and U from equations D.1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 into equation D.9 and rearrangement gives a quadratic equation for H2, the new mining depth at which failure will occur H2 c ′ 2 sin( + 0) sin(p2 + 0) sin(p2 − ′ ) sin 2 0 H2 −2 c ′ 2 sin( + 0) cos ′ − sin 0 wZw sin( + 0) sin 2c ′ sin 0 H1 − c ′ 2 sin( + 0) sin(p1 + 0) sin(p2 − ′ ) sin(p2 − ) sin 2 0 sin(p1 − ) Z1 + c ′ 2 cos cos p1 sin(p2 − ) sin(p2 − ) sin(p1 − ) Z2 − c ′ 2 cos cos p2 sin(p2 − ′ ) + c Hc c ′ 2 K sin( − ′ ) sin(p2 − ) + 2 Z2 cos c ′ cos ′ − wZw 2c ′ sin ′ + w Zw c ′ 2 cos(p2 − ′ ) sin(p2 − ) = 0 (D.12) Equation D.12 gives a solution for the dimensionless group H2/c ′ in the form where and 582 H 2 c ′ = a + (a2 + b) 1/2 sin 0 cos a = ′ − wZw sin ′ 2c ′ sin(p2 + 0) sin(p2 − ′ ) H1 b = c ′ 2 sin(p1 + 0) sin(p2 − ) sin(p1 − ) sin(p2 + 0) Z1 − c ′ 2 cos cos p1 sin(p2 − ) sin 2 0 sin( + 0) sin(p2 − 0) Z2 + c ′ 2 cos cos p2 sin 2 0 sin( + 0) sin(p2 − 0) − c Hc c ′ 2 K sin( − ′ ) sin(p2 − ) sin 2 0 sin( + 0) sin(p2 + 0) sin(p2 − ′ ) (D.13) (D.14)
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Rock Mechanics
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Rock Mechanics for underground mini
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Contents Preface to the third editi
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CONTENTS 9 Excavation design in blo
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CONTENTS ix Appendix A Basic constr
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Mining
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In th
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION design
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Safety in Mines Re
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Figure 1.1 (a) Pre-mining condition
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ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING ENGINEERI
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Figure 1.4 Principal features of a
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10 Figure 1.5 Definition of activit
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Figure 1.7 Components and logic of
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Figure 2.1 (a) A finite body subjec
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Figure 2.2 Free-body diagram for es
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN As
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN In
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Figure 2.3 Free-body diagram for de
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Figure 2.5 Problem geometry for det
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Figure 2.7 Rigid-body rotation of a
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN the
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN str
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⎡ ⎢ ⎣ xx yy zz xy yz zx STRES
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Figure 2.11 Cylindrical polar coord
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fre
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Figure 2.13 Construction of a Mohr
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fun
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3 Rock Figure 3.1 Sidewall failure
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Figure 3.2 Jointing in a folded str
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic longitudina
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Figure 3.7 Discontinuity spacing hi
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Figure 3.9 Illustration of persiste
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Figure 3.11 Typical roughness profi
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ROCK MASS STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERIS
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Figure 3.17 Sample number vs. preci
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Figure 3.19 Diagrammatic illustrati
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Figure 3.20 Computerised depiction
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Figure 3.23 Stereographic projectio
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Figure 3.26 Polar stereographic net
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Figure 3.28 Contours of pole concen
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Figure 3.30 Geological Strength Ind
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Figure 4.1 Idealised illustration o
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY wit
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Figure 4.4 Influence of end restrai
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.8 Principle of closed-loop
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Figure 4.12 Two classes of stress-
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Figure 4.14 Point load test apparat
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Figure 4.15 Biaxial compression tes
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Figure 4.18 Results of triaxial com
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY was
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Figure 4.23 Coulomb strength envelo
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Figure 4.25 Extension of a preexist
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Figure 4.29 The three basic modes o
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Figure 4.30 Normalised peak strengt
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY Tab
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Figure 4.32 The normality condition
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Figure 4.33 Variation of peak princ
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Figure 4.35 Direct shear test confi
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Figure 4.37 Shear stress-shear disp
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Figure 4.40 Peak and residual effec
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Figure 4.43 Effect of shearing dire
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Figure 4.45 Relations between norma
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Figure 4.47 Coulomb friction, linea
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.49 Composite peak strength
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Figure 4.50 Hoek-Brown peak strengt
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Figure 4.52 Determination of the Yo
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY 4 A
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5 Pre-mining Figure 5.1 Method of s
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Figure 5.2 The effect of irregular
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS surround
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS induced
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Figure 5.5 (a) Definition of hole l
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Figure 5.6 (a) Core drilling a slot
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Figure 5.7 Principles of stress mea
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS strength
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS A second
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS by the e
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS extend i
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS (d) Dete
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS quantita
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS It is in
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Figure 6.2 A thick-walled cylinder
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS For the
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Figure 6.3 Problem geometry, coordi
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Figure 6.4 Problem geometry, coordi
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS When the
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Figure 6.5 Superposition scheme dem
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The disc
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Figure 6.7 Development of a finite
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS Solution
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Figure 6.8 A simple finite element
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Figure 6.9 A schematic representati
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS block ce
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS where ˚
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The prin
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN MASSIVE ELASTI
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Figure 7.2 A logical framework for
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Figure 7.3 (a) Axisymmetric stress
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Figure 7.6 A plane of weakness, ori
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Figure 7.8 A flat-lying plane of we
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Figure 7.10 Shear stress/normal str
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Figure 7.12 Ovaloidal opening in a
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Figure 7.15 States of stress at sel
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Figure 7.16 Prediction of the exten
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Figure 7.18 Contour plots of princi
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Figure 7.19 Problem geometry for de
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8 Excavation Figure 8.1 An excavati
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.4 Experimental apparatus f
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Figure 8.7 Free body diagrams and n
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Figure 8.8 Assumed distributions of
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Figure 8.9 Flow chart for the deter
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Figure 8.10 Normalised arch thickne
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.11 Normalised deflection a
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9 Excavation Figure 9.1 Generation
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Figure 9.3 (a) A finite, non-tapere
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(a) (b) Figure 9.4 (a) Vertical cro
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(a) (b) (c) EP EP Reference circle
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Figure 9.10 JP 100 is the only JP w
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Figure 9.12 Traces of the views of
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK In
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Figure 9.14 Free-body diagrams of a
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK di
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Figure 9.16 Symmetrical wedge in th
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Figure 9.17 (a) Geometry for determ
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Figure 9.18 Problem geometry demons
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Figure 9.20 Cut-and-fill stope mine
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Figure 9.22 Chart to determine fact
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK Th
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Figure 10.1 (a) Pre-mining state of
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Figure 10.3 (a) Dynamic loading of
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Figure 10.5 (a) Pre-mining and (b)
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Figure 10.6 Problem definition and
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ENERGY, MINE STABILITY, MINE SEISMI
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Figure 10.9 Force and stress compon
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Figure 10.12 Distribution of radial
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Figure 10.15 Problem geometry for d
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Figure 10.17 (a) Schematic represen
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Figure 10.20 Elastic/post-peak stif
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Figure 10.24 Relation between frequ
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Figure 10.28 Six possible ways that
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Figure 10.29 First motions for P an
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11Rock support and reinforcement 11
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Figure 11.1 (a) Hypothetical exampl
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Figure 11.4 Non-linear support reac
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Figure 11.5 Idealised elastic-britt
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Figure 11.6 Calculated required sup
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT The
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Figure 11.9 Ground reaction curves
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Figure 11.12 Use of grouted reinfor
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT If,
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Figure 11.16 Local reinforcement ac
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Figure 11.18 Typical working sketch
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Figure 11.19 Permanent support and
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Figure 11.22 Basis of natural coord
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Figure 11.24 Distributions of (a) s
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Figure 11.26 Resin grouted rockbolt
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Figure 11.28 Alternative methods of
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT Tabl
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Figure 11.31 Toussaint-Heintzmann y
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MINING METHODS AND METHOD SELECTION
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Figure 12.2 Elements of a supported
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Figure 12.6 Schematic layout for bi
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Figure 12.8 Layout for shrink stopi
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Figure 12.9 Schematic layout for VC
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Figure 12.11 Key elements of longwa
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Figure 12.13 Mining layout for tran
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13 Figure 13.1 Schematic illustrati
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Figure 13.3 Layout of barrier pilla
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Figure 13.5 Principal modes of defo
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Figure 13.8 Geometry for tributary
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS str
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Figure 13.10 Distribution of vertic
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Figure 13.12 Pillar behaviour domai
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Lun
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Figure 13.15 Options in the design
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Figure 13.17 Relation between yield
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Figure 13.19 Model of yield of coun
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Figure 13.20 North-south vertical c
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Figure 13.23 Stope-and-pillar layou
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Figure 13.25 Calibrated stability c
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS wor
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Figure 13.28 Pillar performance, de
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Figure 13.29 (a) Stope and pillar l
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Figure 13.31 (a) Plane strain analy
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Pan
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14 Artificially supported mining me
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ARTIFICIALLY SUPPORTED MINING METHO
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Figure 14.2 Simplified view of stru
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Figure 14.5 Confined block model fo
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Figure 14.7 Crown and sidewall stre
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Figure 14.10 Sublevel open stoping
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Figure 14.12 Some applications of c
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15 Longwall and caving mining metho
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Figure 15.2 Shear stress drop in th
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LONGWALL AND CAVING MINING METHODS
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Figure 15.6 Hydraulic prop reaction
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Figure 15.7 Development and extract
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Figure 15.8 Vertical stress redistr
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Figure 15.11 Distribution of observ
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Figure 15.13 Plan view of microseis
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Figure 15.16 Ground-support interac
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Figure 15.18 Roadway support and re
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Figure 15.25 Comparison of isolated
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Figure 15.26 Geometry of a sublevel
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Figure 15.28 Theoretical determinat
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Figure 15.31 Deterioration of a cro
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Figure 15.32 Distinct element simul
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Figure 15.34 Extended Mathews stabi
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Figure 15.36 Comparison of postand
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Figure 15.39 Idealised plan illustr
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Figure 15.41 Idealised vertical sec
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Figure 15.42 Vertical slice through
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16 Figure 16.1 Trough subsidence ov
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE c
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Figure 16.4 North-south section, At
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Figure 16.6 (a) Rectangular block g
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE f
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Figure 16.8 Relation between stope
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE M
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE
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Figure 16.14 Chart developed to est
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Figure 16.16 Progressive hangingwal
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Figure 16.19 Idealised model used i
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Figure 16.21 Longitudinal section,
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE t
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE w
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE F
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Figure 16.25 Subsidence troughs pre
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Figure 16.28 Predicted and measured
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17 Blasting mechanics 17.1 Blasting
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Figure 17.1 An empirical matching o
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Figure 17.2 A finite difference mod
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Figure 17.4 Reflection of a cylindr
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BLASTING MECHANICS means that no ci
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Figure 17.8 Layout of blast holes i
Page 547 and 548: Figure 17.9 Influence of field stat
Page 549 and 550: Figure 17.11 Generation of surface
Page 551 and 552: BLASTING MECHANICS The components o
Page 553 and 554: BLASTING MECHANICS amplitudes of th
Page 555 and 556: BLASTING MECHANICS 17.9 Evaluation
Page 557 and 558: Figure 17.15 (a) Schematic cross se
Page 559 and 560: BLASTING MECHANICS in Figure 17.17,
Page 561 and 562: MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE (a
Page 563 and 564: MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE su
Page 565 and 566: MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE Ta
Page 567 and 568: Figure 18.2 The Distometer ISETH, a
Page 569 and 570: Figure 18.5 Self-inductance multipl
Page 571 and 572: MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE is
Page 573 and 574: Figure 18.9 Biaxial vibrating wire
Page 575 and 576: MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE me
Page 577 and 578: Figure 18.12 Cross section at 6650N
Page 579 and 580: Figure 18.13 Examples of convergenc
Page 581 and 582: Figure 18.15 Longitudinal section l
Page 583 and 584: Figure 18.16 (Cont.) MONITORING ROC
Page 585 and 586: Appendix A Basic constructions usin
Page 587 and 588: Figure A.3 Determining the angle be
Page 589 and 590: APPENDIX A USE OF HEMISPHERICAL PRO
Page 591 and 592: APPENDIX B STRESSES AND DISPLACEMEN
Page 593 and 594: Figure A.6 Axisymmetric tunnel prob
Page 595 and 596: Figure A.9 Bolt load-extension curv
Page 597: APPENDIX D LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANA
Page 601 and 602: APPENDIX D LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANA
Page 603 and 604: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2 (a) 0.087 - 0
Page 605 and 606: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 3 wp = 38.6 m,
Page 607 and 608: REFERENCES Symp. & 17th Tunn. Assn
Page 609 and 610: REFERENCES Brady, B. H. G. and Bray
Page 611 and 612: REFERENCES Collier, P. A. (1993) De
Page 613 and 614: REFERENCES Drescher, A. and Vardoul
Page 615 and 616: REFERENCES Gustafsson, P. (1998) Wa
Page 617 and 618: REFERENCES Hood, M. and Brown, E. T
Page 619 and 620: REFERENCES Kaiser, P. K. and Tannan
Page 621 and 622: REFERENCES Lorig, L. J. and Brady,
Page 623 and 624: REFERENCES Ortlepp, W. D. (1994) Gr
Page 625 and 626: REFERENCES Rojas, E., Molina, R. an
Page 627 and 628: REFERENCES Spottiswoode, S. M. and
Page 629 and 630: REFERENCES Villaescusa, E., Windsor
Page 631 and 632: Index Page numbers appearing in bol
Page 633 and 634: INDEX Coulomb (cont.) parameters 96
Page 635 and 636: INDEX Excavation (cont.) support ra
Page 637 and 638: INDEX Jaeger’s plane of weakness
Page 639 and 640: INDEX Panel caving 470-2, 473, 474,
Page 641 and 642: INDEX Seismic (cont.) moment 306, 3
Page 643 and 644: INDEX Strength (cont.) residual 86,
Page 645: INDEX United States (USA) 395, 396,
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