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REFERENCES Hedley, D. G. F. and Grant, F. (1972) Stope and pillar design for the Elliot Lake uranium mines. Can. Inst. Min. Metall. Bull., 65(723): 37–44. Hedley, D. G. F., Roxburgh, J. W. and Muppalaneni, S. N. (1984) A case history of rockbursts at Elliot Lake. Stability in Underground Mining II, Univ. Kentucky, 210–34. AIME: New York. Henry, E. and Dahnér-Lindqvist, C. (2000) Footwall stability at the LKAB’s Kiruna sublevel caving operation, Sweden. Proc. MassMin 2000, Brisbane (ed. G. Chitombo), 527–33. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall.: Melbourne. Hepworth, N. and Caupers, D. J. D. (2001) Geotechnical aspects of paste fill introduction at Neves Corvo mine. Proc. MineFill 2001 (ed. D. Stone), 223–36. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littleton, Colorado. Heslop, T. G. and Laubscher, D. H. (1981) Draw control in caving operations on southern African chrysotile asbestos mines. Design and Operation of Caving and Sublevel Stoping Mines (ed. D. R. Stewart), 755–74. Soc. Min. Engrs, AIME: New York. Heunis, R. (1980) The development of rockburst control strategies for South African gold mines. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 80: 139–50. Hill, R. (1950) The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Hills, E. S. (1972) Elements of Structural Geology, 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall: London. Hino, K. (1956) Fragmentation of rock through blasting. Q. Colo. School Mines, 51: 89–209. Hobbs, B. E., Means, W. D. and Williams, P. F. (1976) An Outline of Structural Geology. Wiley: New York. Hodgson, K. and Joughin, N. C. (1967) The relationship between energy release rate, damage and seismicity in mines. Failure and Breakage of Rock, Proc. 8th U. S. Symp. Rock Mech., Minneapolis (ed. C. Fairhurst), 194–203. AIME: New York. Hoek, E. (1974) Progressive caving induced by mining an inclined orebody. Trans. Instn Min. Metall., 83: A133–9. Hoek, E. (1982) Geotechnical considerations in tunnel design and contract preparation. Trans. Instn Min. Metall., 91: A101–9. Hoek, E. (1989) A limit equilibrium analysis of surface crown pillar stability. Proc. Int. Conf. Surface Crown Pillar Evaluation for Active and Abandoned Metal Mines, Timmins, 3–13. Hoek, E. (1994) Strength of rock and rock masses. ISRM News J., 2(2): 4–16. Hoek, E. (2003) Personal communication. Hoek, E. and Bray, J. W. (1981) Rock Slope Engineering, 3rd edn. Instn Min. Metall.: London. Hoek, E. and Brown, E. T. (1980) Underground Excavations in Rock. Instn Min. Metall.: London. Hoek, E. and Brown, E. T. (1988) The Hoek-Brown criterion – a 1988 update. Proc. 15th Can. Rock Mech. Symp., Toronto, 31–38. Univ. Toronto Press: Toronto. Hoek, E. and Brown, E. T. (1997) Practical estimates of rock mass strength. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 34(8): 1165–86. Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. and Corkum, B. (2002) Hoek-Brown failure criterion – 2002 edition. Mining and Tunnelling Innovation and Opportunity, Proc. 5th North Am. Rock Mech. Symp. & 17th Tunn. Assn Can. Conf., Toronto (eds R. Hammah, W. Bawden, J. Curran and M. Telesnicki), 1: 267–73. Univ. Toronto Press: Toronto. Hoek, E. and Franklin, J. A. (1968) A simple triaxial cell for field and laboratory testing of rock. Trans. Instn Min. Metall., 77: A22–6. Hoek, E., Kaiser, P. K. and Bawden, W. F. (1995) Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock. A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam. Holla, L. and Barclay, E. (2000) Mine Subsidence in the Southern Coalfield, NSW, Australia. Dept. Mineral Resources: Sydney. Holla, L. and Sagar, V. (1996) The application of numerical methods for assessing impacts of mining induced movements. Geomechanics in a Changing World, Proc. 7th Aust. – N.Z. Conf. Geomech., Adelaide (eds M. B. Jaksa, W. S. Kaggwa and D. A. Cameron), 509–14. Instn Engrs, Aust.: Canberra. Holland, C. J. and Gaddy, F. L. (1957) Some aspects of permanent support of overburden on coal beds. Proc. West Virginia Coal Min. Inst., 43–66. Holmberg, R., Maki, K., Hustrulid, W. and Sellden, H. (1983) Blast damage and stress measurement at LKAB – Malmberget Fabian orebody. Proc. 5th Congr., Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Melbourne, 2: E231–38. A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam. Holmgren, B. J. (2001) Shotcrete linings in hard rock. Underground Mining Methods: Engineering Fundamentals and International Case Studies (eds W. A. Hustrulid and R. L. Bullock), 569–77. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littleton, Colorado. 599
REFERENCES Hood, M. and Brown, E. T. (1999) Mining rock mechanics: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Proc. 9th Congr., Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Paris (eds G. Vouille and P. Berest), 3: 1551–76. A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam. Hood, M., Ewy, R. T. and Riddle, L. R. (1983) Empirical methods of subsidence prediction – a case study from Illinois. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 20(4): 153–70. Hooker, V. E., Bickel, D. L. and Aggson, J. R. (1972) In-situ Determination of Stresses in Mountainous Topography. U. S. Bur. Mines Rep. Invest. 7654. Hopkins, H. G. (1960) Dynamic expansion of spherical cavities in metals. Prog. Solid Mech., 1: 84–164. Hoskins, E. R. (1969) The failure of thick-walled cylinders of isotropic rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 6(1): 99–125. Housner, G. W. and Jennings, P. C. (1982) Earthquake Design Criteria. EERI Monograph Series: Berkeley, California. Hudson, J. A., Brown, E. T. and Fairhurst, C. (1972a) Shape of the complete stress-strain curve for rock. Stability of Rock Slopes, Proc. 13th U. S. Symp. Rock Mech., Urbana (ed. E. J. Cording), 773–95. ASCE: New York. Hudson, J. A., Brown, E. T., Fairhurst, C. and Hoek, E. (eds) (1993) Comprehensive Rock Engineering,5 vols. Pergamon: Oxford. Hudson, J. A., Cornet, F. H. and Christiansson, R. (2003) ISRM suggested methods for rock stress estimation – Part 1: Strategy for rock stress estimation. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 40(7–8): 991–8. Hudson, J. A., Crouch, S. L. and Fairhurst, C. (1972b) Soft, stiff, and servo-controlled testing machines: a review with reference to rock failure. Engng Geol., 6(3): 155–89. Hudson, J. A. and Priest, S. D. (1983) Discontinuity frequency in rock masses. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 25(1), 3–13. Hughson, R., Tyminski, A. and Holla, L. (1987) A review of stowing and packing practice in coal mining. Proc. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall., 292(9): 71–86. Hult, J. and Lindholm, H. W. (1967) Stress change during undercutting for block caving at the Grangesberg mine. Proc. 4th Can. Rock Mech. Symp., 155–67. Mines Branch, Dept Energy, Mines and Resources: Ottawa. Hunt, R. E. B. and Askew, J. E. (1977) Installation and design guidelines for cable dowel ground support at ZC/NBHC. Proc. Underground Operators Conf., Broken Hill, 113–22. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall.: Melbourne. Hustrulid, W. (2000). Method selection for large-scale underground mining. Proc. MassMin 2000, Brisbane (ed. G. Chitombo), 29–56. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall.: Melbourne. Hustrulid, W. A. and Bullock, R. L. (eds) (2001) Underground Mining Methods: Engineering Fundamentals and International Case Studies. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littleton, Colorado. Hustrulid, W. and Moreno, O. (1981) Support capabilities of fill – a non-linear analysis. Application of Rock Mechanics in Cut and Fill Mining (eds O. Stephansson and M. J. Jones), 107–18. Instn Min. Metall.: London. Hutchins, W. R., Bywater, S., Thompson, A. G. and Windsor, C. R. (1990) A versatile grouted cable dowel reinforcing system for rock. Proc. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall., 295(1): 25–29. Hutchinson, D. J. and Diederichs, M. S. (1996) Cablebolting in Underground Mines. BiTech Publishers: Vancouver. International Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Standardization of Laboratory and Field Tests (1974) Suggested methods for determining shear strength. Doc. No. 1. Reprinted in Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring – ISRM Suggested Methods, 1981 (ed. E. T. Brown), 129–40. Pergamon: Oxford. International Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Standardization of Laboratory and Field Tests (1978a) Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 15(6): 319–68. Reprinted in Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring – ISRM Suggested Methods, 1981 (ed. E. T. Brown), 3–52. Pergamon: Oxford. International Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Standardization of Laboratory and Field Tests (1978b) Suggested methods for monitoring rock movements using borehole extensometers. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 15(6): 305–17. Reprinted in Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring – ISRM Suggested Methods, 1981 (ed. E. T. Brown), 171–83. Pergamon: Oxford. International Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Standardization of Laboratory and Field Tests (1979) Suggested methods for determining the uniaxial compressive strength and deformability of rock materials. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 16(2): 135–40. Reprinted in Rock 600
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Rock Mechanics
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Rock Mechanics for underground mini
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Contents Preface to the third editi
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CONTENTS 9 Excavation design in blo
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CONTENTS ix Appendix A Basic constr
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Mining
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In th
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION design
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Safety in Mines Re
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Figure 1.1 (a) Pre-mining condition
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ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING ENGINEERI
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Figure 1.4 Principal features of a
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10 Figure 1.5 Definition of activit
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Figure 1.7 Components and logic of
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Figure 2.1 (a) A finite body subjec
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Figure 2.2 Free-body diagram for es
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN As
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN In
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Figure 2.3 Free-body diagram for de
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Figure 2.5 Problem geometry for det
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Figure 2.7 Rigid-body rotation of a
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN the
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN str
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⎡ ⎢ ⎣ xx yy zz xy yz zx STRES
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Figure 2.11 Cylindrical polar coord
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fre
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Figure 2.13 Construction of a Mohr
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fun
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3 Rock Figure 3.1 Sidewall failure
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Figure 3.2 Jointing in a folded str
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic longitudina
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Figure 3.7 Discontinuity spacing hi
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Figure 3.9 Illustration of persiste
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Figure 3.11 Typical roughness profi
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ROCK MASS STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERIS
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Figure 3.17 Sample number vs. preci
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Figure 3.19 Diagrammatic illustrati
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Figure 3.20 Computerised depiction
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Figure 3.23 Stereographic projectio
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Figure 3.26 Polar stereographic net
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Figure 3.28 Contours of pole concen
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Figure 3.30 Geological Strength Ind
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Figure 4.1 Idealised illustration o
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY wit
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Figure 4.4 Influence of end restrai
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.8 Principle of closed-loop
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Figure 4.12 Two classes of stress-
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Figure 4.14 Point load test apparat
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Figure 4.15 Biaxial compression tes
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Figure 4.18 Results of triaxial com
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY was
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Figure 4.23 Coulomb strength envelo
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Figure 4.25 Extension of a preexist
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Figure 4.29 The three basic modes o
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Figure 4.30 Normalised peak strengt
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY Tab
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Figure 4.32 The normality condition
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Figure 4.33 Variation of peak princ
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Figure 4.35 Direct shear test confi
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Figure 4.37 Shear stress-shear disp
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Figure 4.40 Peak and residual effec
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Figure 4.43 Effect of shearing dire
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Figure 4.45 Relations between norma
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Figure 4.47 Coulomb friction, linea
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.49 Composite peak strength
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Figure 4.50 Hoek-Brown peak strengt
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Figure 4.52 Determination of the Yo
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY 4 A
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5 Pre-mining Figure 5.1 Method of s
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Figure 5.2 The effect of irregular
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS surround
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS induced
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Figure 5.5 (a) Definition of hole l
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Figure 5.6 (a) Core drilling a slot
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Figure 5.7 Principles of stress mea
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS strength
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS A second
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS by the e
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS extend i
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS (d) Dete
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS quantita
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS It is in
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Figure 6.2 A thick-walled cylinder
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS For the
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Figure 6.3 Problem geometry, coordi
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Figure 6.4 Problem geometry, coordi
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS When the
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Figure 6.5 Superposition scheme dem
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The disc
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Figure 6.7 Development of a finite
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS Solution
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Figure 6.8 A simple finite element
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Figure 6.9 A schematic representati
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS block ce
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS where ˚
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The prin
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN MASSIVE ELASTI
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Figure 7.2 A logical framework for
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Figure 7.3 (a) Axisymmetric stress
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Figure 7.6 A plane of weakness, ori
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Figure 7.8 A flat-lying plane of we
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Figure 7.10 Shear stress/normal str
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Figure 7.12 Ovaloidal opening in a
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Figure 7.15 States of stress at sel
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Figure 7.16 Prediction of the exten
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Figure 7.18 Contour plots of princi
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Figure 7.19 Problem geometry for de
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8 Excavation Figure 8.1 An excavati
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.4 Experimental apparatus f
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Figure 8.7 Free body diagrams and n
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Figure 8.8 Assumed distributions of
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Figure 8.9 Flow chart for the deter
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Figure 8.10 Normalised arch thickne
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.11 Normalised deflection a
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9 Excavation Figure 9.1 Generation
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Figure 9.3 (a) A finite, non-tapere
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(a) (b) Figure 9.4 (a) Vertical cro
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(a) (b) (c) EP EP Reference circle
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Figure 9.10 JP 100 is the only JP w
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Figure 9.12 Traces of the views of
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK In
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Figure 9.14 Free-body diagrams of a
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK di
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Figure 9.16 Symmetrical wedge in th
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Figure 9.17 (a) Geometry for determ
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Figure 9.18 Problem geometry demons
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Figure 9.20 Cut-and-fill stope mine
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Figure 9.22 Chart to determine fact
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK Th
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Figure 10.1 (a) Pre-mining state of
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Figure 10.3 (a) Dynamic loading of
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Figure 10.5 (a) Pre-mining and (b)
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Figure 10.6 Problem definition and
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ENERGY, MINE STABILITY, MINE SEISMI
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Figure 10.9 Force and stress compon
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Figure 10.12 Distribution of radial
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Figure 10.15 Problem geometry for d
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Figure 10.17 (a) Schematic represen
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Figure 10.20 Elastic/post-peak stif
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Figure 10.24 Relation between frequ
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Figure 10.28 Six possible ways that
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Figure 10.29 First motions for P an
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11Rock support and reinforcement 11
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Figure 11.1 (a) Hypothetical exampl
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Figure 11.4 Non-linear support reac
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Figure 11.5 Idealised elastic-britt
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Figure 11.6 Calculated required sup
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT The
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Figure 11.9 Ground reaction curves
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Figure 11.12 Use of grouted reinfor
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT If,
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Figure 11.16 Local reinforcement ac
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Figure 11.18 Typical working sketch
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Figure 11.19 Permanent support and
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Figure 11.22 Basis of natural coord
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Figure 11.24 Distributions of (a) s
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Figure 11.26 Resin grouted rockbolt
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Figure 11.28 Alternative methods of
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT Tabl
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Figure 11.31 Toussaint-Heintzmann y
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MINING METHODS AND METHOD SELECTION
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Figure 12.2 Elements of a supported
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Figure 12.6 Schematic layout for bi
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Figure 12.8 Layout for shrink stopi
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Figure 12.9 Schematic layout for VC
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Figure 12.11 Key elements of longwa
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Figure 12.13 Mining layout for tran
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13 Figure 13.1 Schematic illustrati
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Figure 13.3 Layout of barrier pilla
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Figure 13.5 Principal modes of defo
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Figure 13.8 Geometry for tributary
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS str
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Figure 13.10 Distribution of vertic
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Figure 13.12 Pillar behaviour domai
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Lun
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Figure 13.15 Options in the design
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Figure 13.17 Relation between yield
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Figure 13.19 Model of yield of coun
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Figure 13.20 North-south vertical c
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Figure 13.23 Stope-and-pillar layou
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Figure 13.25 Calibrated stability c
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS wor
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Figure 13.28 Pillar performance, de
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Figure 13.29 (a) Stope and pillar l
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Figure 13.31 (a) Plane strain analy
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Pan
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14 Artificially supported mining me
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ARTIFICIALLY SUPPORTED MINING METHO
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Figure 14.2 Simplified view of stru
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Figure 14.5 Confined block model fo
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Figure 14.7 Crown and sidewall stre
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Figure 14.10 Sublevel open stoping
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Figure 14.12 Some applications of c
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15 Longwall and caving mining metho
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Figure 15.2 Shear stress drop in th
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LONGWALL AND CAVING MINING METHODS
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Figure 15.6 Hydraulic prop reaction
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Figure 15.7 Development and extract
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Figure 15.8 Vertical stress redistr
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Figure 15.11 Distribution of observ
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Figure 15.13 Plan view of microseis
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Figure 15.16 Ground-support interac
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Figure 15.18 Roadway support and re
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Figure 15.25 Comparison of isolated
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Figure 15.26 Geometry of a sublevel
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Figure 15.28 Theoretical determinat
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Figure 15.31 Deterioration of a cro
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Figure 15.32 Distinct element simul
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Figure 15.34 Extended Mathews stabi
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Figure 15.36 Comparison of postand
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Figure 15.39 Idealised plan illustr
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Figure 15.41 Idealised vertical sec
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Figure 15.42 Vertical slice through
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16 Figure 16.1 Trough subsidence ov
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE c
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Figure 16.4 North-south section, At
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Figure 16.6 (a) Rectangular block g
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE f
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Figure 16.8 Relation between stope
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE M
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE
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Figure 16.14 Chart developed to est
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Figure 16.16 Progressive hangingwal
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Figure 16.19 Idealised model used i
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Figure 16.21 Longitudinal section,
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE t
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE w
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE F
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Figure 16.25 Subsidence troughs pre
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Figure 16.28 Predicted and measured
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17 Blasting mechanics 17.1 Blasting
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Figure 17.1 An empirical matching o
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Figure 17.2 A finite difference mod
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Figure 17.4 Reflection of a cylindr
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BLASTING MECHANICS means that no ci
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Figure 17.8 Layout of blast holes i
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Figure 17.9 Influence of field stat
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Figure 17.11 Generation of surface
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BLASTING MECHANICS The components o
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BLASTING MECHANICS amplitudes of th
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BLASTING MECHANICS 17.9 Evaluation
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Figure 17.15 (a) Schematic cross se
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BLASTING MECHANICS in Figure 17.17,
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE (a
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE su
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Page 567 and 568: Figure 18.2 The Distometer ISETH, a
Page 569 and 570: Figure 18.5 Self-inductance multipl
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Page 573 and 574: Figure 18.9 Biaxial vibrating wire
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Page 577 and 578: Figure 18.12 Cross section at 6650N
Page 579 and 580: Figure 18.13 Examples of convergenc
Page 581 and 582: Figure 18.15 Longitudinal section l
Page 583 and 584: Figure 18.16 (Cont.) MONITORING ROC
Page 585 and 586: Appendix A Basic constructions usin
Page 587 and 588: Figure A.3 Determining the angle be
Page 589 and 590: APPENDIX A USE OF HEMISPHERICAL PRO
Page 591 and 592: APPENDIX B STRESSES AND DISPLACEMEN
Page 593 and 594: Figure A.6 Axisymmetric tunnel prob
Page 595 and 596: Figure A.9 Bolt load-extension curv
Page 597 and 598: APPENDIX D LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANA
Page 603 and 604: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2 (a) 0.087 - 0
Page 605 and 606: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 3 wp = 38.6 m,
Page 607 and 608: REFERENCES Symp. & 17th Tunn. Assn
Page 609 and 610: REFERENCES Brady, B. H. G. and Bray
Page 611 and 612: REFERENCES Collier, P. A. (1993) De
Page 613 and 614: REFERENCES Drescher, A. and Vardoul
Page 615: REFERENCES Gustafsson, P. (1998) Wa
Page 619 and 620: REFERENCES Kaiser, P. K. and Tannan
Page 621 and 622: REFERENCES Lorig, L. J. and Brady,
Page 623 and 624: REFERENCES Ortlepp, W. D. (1994) Gr
Page 625 and 626: REFERENCES Rojas, E., Molina, R. an
Page 627 and 628: REFERENCES Spottiswoode, S. M. and
Page 629 and 630: REFERENCES Villaescusa, E., Windsor
Page 631 and 632: Index Page numbers appearing in bol
Page 633 and 634: INDEX Coulomb (cont.) parameters 96
Page 635 and 636: INDEX Excavation (cont.) support ra
Page 637 and 638: INDEX Jaeger’s plane of weakness
Page 639 and 640: INDEX Panel caving 470-2, 473, 474,
Page 641 and 642: INDEX Seismic (cont.) moment 306, 3
Page 643 and 644: INDEX Strength (cont.) residual 86,
Page 645: INDEX United States (USA) 395, 396,
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