Rock Mechanics.pdf - Mining and Blasting

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INDEX pattern 428, 429, 450 pre-placed 317 principles 313 spatially extensive 335 terminology 312, 371, 425 see also Pre-reinforcement; Support Reinforcing bars 313, 323, 326, 329, 465 grouted 313, 325, 326, 329, 465 Relaxation model/method 135, 138, 190, 233, 257, 261 roof prism 255, 257, 264 Required support line 315, 320, 575 Residual strength 86, 103, 105, 107, 122, 130 Resistance, frictional see Frictional Rib pillars 375, 379, 384, 391, 392, 403, 404, 441, 452, 487, 492, 515 design 441, 452 Richter local magnitude 308–9 Ridgeway Gold Mine, New South Wales, Australia 454, 462 Rigidity modulus 37 Ring gradient, 456, 462 Roadways 346, 364, 440–2, 444, 449, 450, 452, 482, 483, 516, 550 formation 448, 449 maingate 441 tailgate 441 location 441, 452 longwall mining 363, 364, 365, 430, 433, 434, 436, 439, 440, 452, 481, 484, 515 Rock anchors 345, 408 Rock beam 227, 228 Rock bolting 321, 329 available support line 320, 577, 579 pattern 321, 329 Rock bolts 127, 312–46, 339–40, 439, 449–51, 465, 478, 544, 558, 578 anchored 339, 343, 564, 578 design 327–32 grouted 313, 317, 320, 339, 465 length 332–4, 332, 334 for roof beam support 327–8 shank 330, 331, 338, 339 spacing 327, 328, 333, 578 system 321 tensioned 313, 329 for triangular block support 328–9 Rock breakage 522, by explosives 522 loading release 526 Rockbursts 49, 81, 85, 92, 271, 272–5, 294, 302, 304, 327, 402, 404, 431–4, 436–8, 534, 535, 536, 556, 557, 559, 563–5 causes 273–5, 431–2 crushing mode 233, 294, 302, 433 and dykes 49, 50, 302, 430, 433, 436 energy output 519 and fault slip 301–3, 308, 404–5, 431–2, 535 frequency of 302 limiting 432–5 mine stability 271, 293, 294, 296, 299, 392 623 Rock comminution 308 Rock fabric 160, 198, 234, 524, 531 Rockfalls 536 Rockfill 413, 414, 415 Rock flour 48 Rock mass classification 53, 77–82, 79, 82, 134–5, 139, 333–4 definition 219 discontinuous behaviour 351, 364 as discrete blocks 5, 85, 494 disturbed 135, 503 homogeneous zones 60 interlocking 81, 494 modulus reduction 527 performance, monitoring 3, 213, 225, 403, 405, 543, 549, 558 properties 5, 64, 233, 312, 353, 396, 406, 505, 508, 520, 543 response to mining 17, 165, 166, 224, 225, 272, 352, 353, 355, 390 strength 6, 16, 80, 81, 133–6, 136, 197, 199, 215, 218, 315, 322, 372–3, 383, 390, 469 criterion 16, 80, 81, 87, 136, 137, 322 stress-strain behaviour see Stress undisturbed 503 Rock Mass Rating (RMR) 78, 80, 79, 80, 84, 138 determining 78–80 and discontinuity orientation 78, 80 Rock material 46, 78, 80, 85–119, 382 Rock mechanics definition 1, 3–4 see also Excavation; Force; Mining engineering 1, 3, 11–13 Rock noise 556, 559 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) 52, 53, 66, 68, 78, 79, 80, 83 Rock reinforcement see Reinforcement Rock strength 65, 85, 86, 113, 197, 240, 241, 267, 293, 381, 382, 493 definition 85, 86 see also Strength Rock support see Support Rock-support interaction 326, 333, 448 analysis 448 support line calculations 326, 333 calculations 326, 333 Roof beam 227, 228, 230, 231, 235, 236, 241, 327, 328, 447, 451 deformation 231 failure 241 span buckling 231, 234, 235, 238–40 support 329, 364, 365 bearing capacity 390, 391 bed deformation mechanics 227, 241 voussoir beam model 227, 229–32, 234, 235, 238 canopy 447 decoupling 226 design 230, 235 plane strain 230 detachment 2, 225, 226 failure 227, 257, 261, 453 factor of safety 257, 261 moment equilibrium equation 235 prism 255–61, 264, 265, 328, 329 eliminating 265 failure 264 static equilibrium 256–61 triangular symmetric 255, 328, 329 slip 225–6, 225, 226 span 11, 226, 227, 229, 240, 356 stability 84, 241, 261 support pressure 329 Room-and-pillar mining 7, 165, 225, 350, 355–6, 365, 370, 391, 393, 395, 452, 484, 493 Elliott Lake 391 geomechanical setting 356 layout 165, 225, 353, 391, 392, 394, 453, 483 orebody properties and 352, 355 Rope lacing 345, 439 Rose of cracks 524, 528 Rose diagrams 70 Rotation Matrix 21, 22, 149 Rotations, rigid body 30, 31 Roughness 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 68, 78, 80, 122–9, 124, 131–3, 141, 331 coefficient 127, 131, 132 component 128 profile 125 scale 55 surface 78, 122, 124, 125, 128, 131–2 RQD see Rock Quality Designation St. Venant’s principle 210 Sandfill 410–16, 414, 415, 418, 419, 426 cohesive 412, 414 heterogeneity of 413 permeability 410, 411, 413 -rockfill mix 415 size analysis 411 transportation 410, 412, 413, 416 Sandstones 5, 83, 88, 112, 113, 114, 117, 139, 445, 447, 448 compressive strength 84, 87–9, 111, 113, 139 peak strength envelopes 112, 113, 121, 139 San Manuel Mine, Arizona, USA 500–1, 501 Scale effects 4–5 see also Size effects Scanline surveys 58, 59, 60–2, 64, 82 Schistosity 23, 375, 479 Schmidt projection 72 see also Equal area Seam deposits 352 Secondary waves 283 Seismic efficiency 307 energy 306–8, 557 emission 306, 307
INDEX Seismic (cont.) moment 306, 309, 535 moment tensor 310, 311 profiling 538 source mechanisms 309, 311 source location 304 waves 304–6, 556 zone 524 Seismic activity 198, 353, 398, 538, 556, 563, 565 Seismic events 215, 271, 294, 302–11, 305, 307, 345, 353, 402, 431–2, 445, 446, 534, 535, 543, 557, 565–6, 566 and mining method 197, 347–9, 351–5, 398, 400, 430, 432, 444, 446, 567 parameters 304–9 Nuttli magnitude 309, 581 Richter magnitude 308, 309, see also Microseismic; Rockbursts Seismicity 271, 294, 302, 304, 307, 308–10, 397, 401, 403, 435, 439, 467, 557, 555–6 Seismograph 309, 535 Seisviewer 68, 69 Self-inductance 547, 552 Sensors 132, 304, 305, 306, 544–7, 550, 551, 556–7 vibrating wire 546–8, 551, 553–5, 556 Separation, on discontinuities 200 Sequencing 11, 12, 401–3, 473 see also Mining sequence Serpentine 129 Service installations 13 openings 6, 9, 13, 165, 197, 203, 347, 348, 398, 454, 532, 536 shafts 348 Servocontrolled sensors 94, 227 Setting load density 447 Shaft borers 518 Shaking 533, 536 Shales 5, 36, 48, 60, 112, 118, 134, 365, 406, 527, 558 Sharpe’s solution 287, 521 Shear abutment 231, 235, 241 behaviour, discontinuities 120, 129 box 120 and caving 469 -deformation 4, 130, 131, 191 dilation 103, 125–7, 132 displacement 47, 54, 55, 57, 121–3, 125–8, 130–3, 130, 191, 226, 261, 302, 336, 405, 432, 536, 559, 560 failure 48, 105, 107, 125, 129, 229, 235, 241, 308, 310, 373, 398, 422, 444, 451, 469, 476, 489, 502 on faults 304 force 43, 85, 120, 122, 123, 124, 191, 235, 256, 258, 262, 331, 336, 447 displacement curves 85, 122, 123 intraformational 49 and joint deformability 260 624 modulus 36, 306, 331 pure 31, 32, 290 resistance 5, 47, 122, 126, 127, 130, 231, 262, 263, 277, 304, 335, 409, 417, 422, 469, 489–93 chimney caving analysis 484–9, 490, 493–5 and wedge stability 261 strength 105–7, 118–9, 121–32, 124–6, 224, 225, 303–4, 422, 432, 467, 489–92, 504, 536, 559 components 128 criterion 105, 132, 140, 141, 221, 489, 490 and dilation 125–7, 132, 322, 488, 560 discontinuity 54, 120, 121 envelope 121, 122, 124, 125, 125 roughness effects 125 scale effects 45 stress components 18, 23, 28, 38, 42, 45, 143, 158, 204, 205, 207 -normal stress ratio 207–8, 208 stress-displacement curves 122, 126–9, 128, 132, 302–3 testing 120, 121 zones 48, 49, 59, 69, 190, 265, 353, 373, 398, 464, 475, 506 Shear waves 283 frequency 283 see also Swaves Shock, zones 523, 524 Shotcrete 317, 320–1, 334, 341–4, 343, 439, 465, 478, 552–3, 564, 565, 577 dry-mix 344 fibre-reinforced 342, 344, 465 lining 320, 321, 344, 553, 577 measuring stress 577 mesh-reinforced 564 mix design 343 strength increase of 344 wet-mix 342–4 Shrink stoping see Stoping Sidewall crushing 211 failure 46, 211, 212 prism, eliminating 265 stress 175, 211, 212 support pressure 320 Silver mines 363, 558 Sinkholes (chimney caves) 484, 485, 487, 492, 495 Sinkholes (solution features) 486, 495–6, 495 Site characterisation 14–16, 396 Size effects 92 Slabbing 524 see also Spalling Slate 88, 118, 125, 126, 133, 134, 140, 141, 487 Slice gradient 457 Slickensides 48, 55, 59, 60, 79, 80, 558, 561 Sliding 123, 303–4, 329 factor of safety 328–30, 489, 493, 494 frictional 304, 432, 434 Slip at abutments 229 condition 124, 206, 263 criterion 159 deviatoric stress 138 discontinuities 271 domain 226 dynamic 304 and energy changes 301–2 interbed 225 joint 304 and mine seismicity 272, 294, 304, 309, 310 principal stress difference and 19 unstable 302, 303, 432 zones, prediction of 208 Slope stability 494 Slot and mass blast method 424 Slot raises 348, 356 SMART (Stretch Measurement to Access Reinforcement Tension) cable bolt 564–7 Smooth blasting 528, 531, 532 mechanics 531 Snap-through mechanism 231, 238 Snowy Mountains, Australia 333 Soft inclusion cell 148 Soil mechanics 1, 3, 4, 16, 410, 413, 425, 427 Solenhofen limestone 96 Solid stowing 516 Solution cavities 485–6, 495–6, 495 Sonic probe extensometer 551 Source analytic functions 172, 173 South Africa 49, 50, 78, 299, 301, 304, 322, 324, 340, 345, 379, 380, 381, 384, 385, 401, 430, 431, 434–7, 439, 476, 484, 486, 496, 506 East Rand Proprietary Mines 49, 50, 433 Far West Rand 486 gold mines 49, 50, 345, 430, 431, 432, 434–6, 439, 454 gold reefs 299, 301, 302 longwall mining 300, 302, 313, 363, 430, 431, 434, 436, 439 Witwatersrand 146, 496 Southern Coalfield, New South Wales, Australia 444, 507, 516 Spacing, discontinuity 51–3, 61–4, 70, 78, 79, 85 Spalling 200, 214, 215, 225, 228, 229, 373, 383, 398, 404, 452, 524, 536, 537, 559 backfill 424 pillar 373, 374 Span/bed thickness ratio 226 Spans increase effects 264 unsupported 77, 401, 408, 487 Spherical cavity model 285, 287, 289, 290, 521 Spherical component 25 Spherical wave equation 521 Split set 339, 465 Stabilising pillars 401, 417, 435, 436
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Rock Mechanics
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Rock Mechanics for underground mini
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Contents Preface to the third editi
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CONTENTS 9 Excavation design in blo
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CONTENTS ix Appendix A Basic constr
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Mining
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In th
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION design
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Safety in Mines Re
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Figure 1.1 (a) Pre-mining condition
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ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING ENGINEERI
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Figure 1.4 Principal features of a
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10 Figure 1.5 Definition of activit
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Figure 1.7 Components and logic of
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Figure 2.1 (a) A finite body subjec
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Figure 2.2 Free-body diagram for es
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN As
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN In
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Figure 2.3 Free-body diagram for de
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Figure 2.5 Problem geometry for det
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Figure 2.7 Rigid-body rotation of a
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN the
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN str
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⎡ ⎢ ⎣ xx yy zz xy yz zx STRES
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Figure 2.11 Cylindrical polar coord
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fre
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Figure 2.13 Construction of a Mohr
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fun
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3 Rock Figure 3.1 Sidewall failure
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Figure 3.2 Jointing in a folded str
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic longitudina
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Figure 3.7 Discontinuity spacing hi
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Figure 3.9 Illustration of persiste
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Figure 3.11 Typical roughness profi
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ROCK MASS STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERIS
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Figure 3.17 Sample number vs. preci
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Figure 3.19 Diagrammatic illustrati
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Figure 3.20 Computerised depiction
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Figure 3.23 Stereographic projectio
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Figure 3.26 Polar stereographic net
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Figure 3.28 Contours of pole concen
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Figure 3.30 Geological Strength Ind
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Figure 4.1 Idealised illustration o
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY wit
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Figure 4.4 Influence of end restrai
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.8 Principle of closed-loop
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Figure 4.12 Two classes of stress-
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Figure 4.14 Point load test apparat
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Figure 4.15 Biaxial compression tes
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Figure 4.18 Results of triaxial com
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY was
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Figure 4.23 Coulomb strength envelo
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Figure 4.25 Extension of a preexist
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Figure 4.29 The three basic modes o
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Figure 4.30 Normalised peak strengt
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY Tab
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Figure 4.32 The normality condition
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Figure 4.33 Variation of peak princ
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Figure 4.35 Direct shear test confi
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Figure 4.37 Shear stress-shear disp
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Figure 4.40 Peak and residual effec
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Figure 4.43 Effect of shearing dire
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Figure 4.45 Relations between norma
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Figure 4.47 Coulomb friction, linea
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.49 Composite peak strength
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Figure 4.50 Hoek-Brown peak strengt
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Figure 4.52 Determination of the Yo
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY 4 A
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5 Pre-mining Figure 5.1 Method of s
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Figure 5.2 The effect of irregular
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS surround
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS induced
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Figure 5.5 (a) Definition of hole l
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Figure 5.6 (a) Core drilling a slot
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Figure 5.7 Principles of stress mea
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS strength
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS A second
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS by the e
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS extend i
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS (d) Dete
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS quantita
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS It is in
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Figure 6.2 A thick-walled cylinder
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS For the
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Figure 6.3 Problem geometry, coordi
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Figure 6.4 Problem geometry, coordi
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS When the
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Figure 6.5 Superposition scheme dem
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The disc
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Figure 6.7 Development of a finite
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS Solution
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Figure 6.8 A simple finite element
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Figure 6.9 A schematic representati
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS block ce
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS where ˚
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The prin
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN MASSIVE ELASTI
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Figure 7.2 A logical framework for
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Figure 7.3 (a) Axisymmetric stress
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Figure 7.6 A plane of weakness, ori
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Figure 7.8 A flat-lying plane of we
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Figure 7.10 Shear stress/normal str
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Figure 7.12 Ovaloidal opening in a
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Figure 7.15 States of stress at sel
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Figure 7.16 Prediction of the exten
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Figure 7.18 Contour plots of princi
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Figure 7.19 Problem geometry for de
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8 Excavation Figure 8.1 An excavati
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.4 Experimental apparatus f
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Figure 8.7 Free body diagrams and n
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Figure 8.8 Assumed distributions of
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Figure 8.9 Flow chart for the deter
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Figure 8.10 Normalised arch thickne
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.11 Normalised deflection a
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9 Excavation Figure 9.1 Generation
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Figure 9.3 (a) A finite, non-tapere
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(a) (b) Figure 9.4 (a) Vertical cro
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(a) (b) (c) EP EP Reference circle
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Figure 9.10 JP 100 is the only JP w
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Figure 9.12 Traces of the views of
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK In
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Figure 9.14 Free-body diagrams of a
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK di
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Figure 9.16 Symmetrical wedge in th
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Figure 9.17 (a) Geometry for determ
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Figure 9.18 Problem geometry demons
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Figure 9.20 Cut-and-fill stope mine
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Figure 9.22 Chart to determine fact
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK Th
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Figure 10.1 (a) Pre-mining state of
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Figure 10.3 (a) Dynamic loading of
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Figure 10.5 (a) Pre-mining and (b)
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Figure 10.6 Problem definition and
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ENERGY, MINE STABILITY, MINE SEISMI
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Figure 10.9 Force and stress compon
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Figure 10.12 Distribution of radial
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Figure 10.15 Problem geometry for d
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Figure 10.17 (a) Schematic represen
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Figure 10.20 Elastic/post-peak stif
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Figure 10.24 Relation between frequ
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Figure 10.28 Six possible ways that
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Figure 10.29 First motions for P an
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11Rock support and reinforcement 11
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Figure 11.1 (a) Hypothetical exampl
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Figure 11.4 Non-linear support reac
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Figure 11.5 Idealised elastic-britt
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Figure 11.6 Calculated required sup
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT The
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Figure 11.9 Ground reaction curves
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Figure 11.12 Use of grouted reinfor
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT If,
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Figure 11.16 Local reinforcement ac
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Figure 11.18 Typical working sketch
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Figure 11.19 Permanent support and
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Figure 11.22 Basis of natural coord
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Figure 11.24 Distributions of (a) s
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Figure 11.26 Resin grouted rockbolt
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Figure 11.28 Alternative methods of
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT Tabl
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Figure 11.31 Toussaint-Heintzmann y
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MINING METHODS AND METHOD SELECTION
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Figure 12.2 Elements of a supported
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Figure 12.6 Schematic layout for bi
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Figure 12.8 Layout for shrink stopi
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Figure 12.9 Schematic layout for VC
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Figure 12.11 Key elements of longwa
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Figure 12.13 Mining layout for tran
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13 Figure 13.1 Schematic illustrati
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Figure 13.3 Layout of barrier pilla
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Figure 13.5 Principal modes of defo
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Figure 13.8 Geometry for tributary
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS str
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Figure 13.10 Distribution of vertic
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Figure 13.12 Pillar behaviour domai
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Lun
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Figure 13.15 Options in the design
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Figure 13.17 Relation between yield
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Figure 13.19 Model of yield of coun
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Figure 13.20 North-south vertical c
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Figure 13.23 Stope-and-pillar layou
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Figure 13.25 Calibrated stability c
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS wor
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Figure 13.28 Pillar performance, de
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Figure 13.29 (a) Stope and pillar l
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Figure 13.31 (a) Plane strain analy
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Pan
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14 Artificially supported mining me
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ARTIFICIALLY SUPPORTED MINING METHO
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Figure 14.2 Simplified view of stru
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Figure 14.5 Confined block model fo
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Figure 14.7 Crown and sidewall stre
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Figure 14.10 Sublevel open stoping
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Figure 14.12 Some applications of c
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15 Longwall and caving mining metho
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Figure 15.2 Shear stress drop in th
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LONGWALL AND CAVING MINING METHODS
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Figure 15.6 Hydraulic prop reaction
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Figure 15.7 Development and extract
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Figure 15.8 Vertical stress redistr
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Figure 15.11 Distribution of observ
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Figure 15.13 Plan view of microseis
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Figure 15.16 Ground-support interac
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Figure 15.18 Roadway support and re
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Figure 15.25 Comparison of isolated
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Figure 15.26 Geometry of a sublevel
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Figure 15.28 Theoretical determinat
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Figure 15.31 Deterioration of a cro
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Figure 15.32 Distinct element simul
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Figure 15.34 Extended Mathews stabi
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Figure 15.36 Comparison of postand
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Figure 15.39 Idealised plan illustr
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Figure 15.41 Idealised vertical sec
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Figure 15.42 Vertical slice through
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16 Figure 16.1 Trough subsidence ov
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE c
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Figure 16.4 North-south section, At
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Figure 16.6 (a) Rectangular block g
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE f
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Figure 16.8 Relation between stope
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE M
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE
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Figure 16.14 Chart developed to est
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Figure 16.16 Progressive hangingwal
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Figure 16.19 Idealised model used i
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Figure 16.21 Longitudinal section,
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE t
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE w
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE F
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Figure 16.25 Subsidence troughs pre
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Figure 16.28 Predicted and measured
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17 Blasting mechanics 17.1 Blasting
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Figure 17.1 An empirical matching o
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Figure 17.2 A finite difference mod
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Figure 17.4 Reflection of a cylindr
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BLASTING MECHANICS means that no ci
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Figure 17.8 Layout of blast holes i
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Figure 17.9 Influence of field stat
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Figure 17.11 Generation of surface
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BLASTING MECHANICS The components o
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BLASTING MECHANICS amplitudes of th
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BLASTING MECHANICS 17.9 Evaluation
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Figure 17.15 (a) Schematic cross se
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BLASTING MECHANICS in Figure 17.17,
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE (a
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE su
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE Ta
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Figure 18.2 The Distometer ISETH, a
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Figure 18.5 Self-inductance multipl
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE is
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Figure 18.9 Biaxial vibrating wire
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE me
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Figure 18.12 Cross section at 6650N
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Figure 18.13 Examples of convergenc
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Figure 18.15 Longitudinal section l
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Figure 18.16 (Cont.) MONITORING ROC
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Appendix A Basic constructions usin
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Figure A.3 Determining the angle be
Page 589 and 590: APPENDIX A USE OF HEMISPHERICAL PRO
Page 591 and 592: APPENDIX B STRESSES AND DISPLACEMEN
Page 593 and 594: Figure A.6 Axisymmetric tunnel prob
Page 595 and 596: Figure A.9 Bolt load-extension curv
Page 597 and 598: APPENDIX D LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANA
Page 603 and 604: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2 (a) 0.087 - 0
Page 605 and 606: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 3 wp = 38.6 m,
Page 607 and 608: REFERENCES Symp. & 17th Tunn. Assn
Page 609 and 610: REFERENCES Brady, B. H. G. and Bray
Page 611 and 612: REFERENCES Collier, P. A. (1993) De
Page 613 and 614: REFERENCES Drescher, A. and Vardoul
Page 615 and 616: REFERENCES Gustafsson, P. (1998) Wa
Page 617 and 618: REFERENCES Hood, M. and Brown, E. T
Page 619 and 620: REFERENCES Kaiser, P. K. and Tannan
Page 621 and 622: REFERENCES Lorig, L. J. and Brady,
Page 623 and 624: REFERENCES Ortlepp, W. D. (1994) Gr
Page 625 and 626: REFERENCES Rojas, E., Molina, R. an
Page 627 and 628: REFERENCES Spottiswoode, S. M. and
Page 629 and 630: REFERENCES Villaescusa, E., Windsor
Page 631 and 632: Index Page numbers appearing in bol
Page 633 and 634: INDEX Coulomb (cont.) parameters 96
Page 635 and 636: INDEX Excavation (cont.) support ra
Page 637 and 638: INDEX Jaeger’s plane of weakness
Page 639: INDEX Panel caving 470-2, 473, 474,
Page 643 and 644: INDEX Strength (cont.) residual 86,
Page 645: INDEX United States (USA) 395, 396,
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