Rock Mechanics.pdf - Mining and Blasting

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INDEX UDEC 235, 236, 239, 240, 261, 438 3DEC 506 Distinct element nodes 195–6 Doe Run Company, Missouri, USA 395, 395, 396 Dolerite 49, 146 Dolomites 50, 67, 117, 486, 495–6 sinkholes 486 Dowels 313, 324, 338, 339, 340 cable, and pre-reinforcement 324, 558 grouted 329 reinforcing bar 313, 325, 326, 329, 330, 465, 553 Split-set system 339, 465 Swellex 339, 564 Downhole logging 69 Drained conditions 5, 410 Draw cone 454, 458, 477 control 458, 465, 469, 479, 481, 487, 495 ellipsoids 460 height 455 interactive 458, 477 isolated 458, 477 rate 480 system 476 gravity draw 476 load-haul-dump (LHD) 477 slusher system 476 Drawpoint 325, 326, 361, 366–8, 458, 465, 473, 475–81, 518 reinforcement 325–6 spacing 477, 478 Drifts spacing 462, 463 stability 464 transport 255, 314 Drill and blast methods 313, 314 drifts 356 headings 6,197, 348 Drillability 333 Drilling exploration 65, 67 geotechnical 64–8 machine 65, 67 rock behaviour and 5 techniques and contracts 67 see also Core logging Drives 6, 12, 13, 197, 348 Ductile behaviour 103, 413 deformation 86 Dykes 49, 50, 58, 69, 145, 302, 391, 430, 433, 436, 488, 496, 497 control of subsidence 488, 488 and rockbursts 302, 431, 433, 434 Dynamic design 537 Dynamites 519 Earthquakes 160, 302, 303, 308, 309, 431, 534, 535, 536, 537 617 East Rand Proprietary Mines, South Africa 49, 50, 433 Eccentricity, ellipsoid of motion 227, 231, 454–7, 459, 483 Effective stress law 5, 104, 409 El Teniente Mine, Chile 50, 350, 473, 474, 475, 497, 498–500, 499, 500 Elastic behaviour 87, 139, 183, 208, 228, 515 compression 139 constants 36, 37, 87, 117, 136, 137, 141, 511, 512 modulus 36, 146, 513 -plastic performance 319, 353 properties, in situ dynamic 283 ratios 37 shortening, arch 232, 233 stiffnesses 35, 297, 511–2 stress 166–78, 203–13 symmetry 35, 36 wave propagation 277 plane waves 281–3 spherical and cylindrical 283, 521 Elasticity 34–7, 166–78, 203–13 anisotropic 35, 117 isotropic 35–6, 166–78, 203–13 matrix 35, 37, 116, 187 transverse isotropic 36–7 Elastoplastic analyses 115 Electrical resistance strain gauges 101, 546, 548, 554 Elliott Lake mines, Canada 391–5 Ellipsoid, flow 454, 455, 459 End effects 90–2, 92, 100, 104 compression testing 100, 104 End load distribution 231 Energy absorption 277, 437, 439, 564 and fracture 96, 276 and mining method 355, 355 and rockbursts 299–304, 430–1, 437, 439 changes 271–7, 286–92, 300–4, 355, 435 controlling rates 434–6 determining 286 dissipation 8, 146 elastic strain 108, 192, 290, 351, 535 excess 275–7, 285–7, 289, 290, 292, 300 explosive, in excavating 520, 540 induced strain 276 instability concept 107, 110 kinetic 275, 303 438 mechanical relevance of 271 mining consequences of, rates 275 partitioning 274 release 93, 275, 276, 285–92, 299–304, 302, 306, 417, 432–6, 435, 437–9 shock 519, 520 source, location 557 static strain 275, 276, 486, 300 storage 96, 108, 300, 351, 430 strain 2, 93, 96, 108, 272–6, 286–92, 299–301, 351, 430–5, 535 transmission 277, 306, 520 Engineers 11–13, 57, 485, 508 Equal-angle projection 72, 74 see also Stereographic Equal-area projection 72, 74 Equilibrium angle of friction 158, 164, 207–8 equations 21, 38, 169, 175, 235, 282 limiting 207, 256, 257, 258–60, 326, 327, 329, 488, 489, 490, 492–5, 502, 504, 505, 580, 581 nodal condition 189 radial stress 220 static 25, 26, 28, 29, 34, 38, 41, 104, 158, 256–8, 274, 375, 377 unstable 293, 294, 431 Erosion 67, 144, 146, 424 Error defined 545 Evaporites 92, 502, 506 Examine 2D 383 Excavation aspect ratio 210 boundaries 198, 200, 204–17, 224–6, 242, 243–63 controlled 275 crown, and jointed rock 264, 265 damage 536, 537 design 2, 9, 13–6, 197–9, 200, 200–20, 224–41, 242–70 blocky or jointed rock 17, 242–70 dynamic 537 functional interactions and 9 massive elastic rock 197, 225, 317 methodology 199, 437–9, 452 objective 271, 452 stratified rock 224, 225, 226, 229, 531 displacement field 8, 17, 349, 351, 354–5, 355 dynamic performance of 536 elliptical 176, 178, 203, 209, 212 haunches 226 narrow, energy propagation 290 operational constraints 9 orienting 212, 265 periphery 176, 190, 204, 213, 218, 259, 264–6, 317–9, 329, 332, 439, 544 displacement 434–6 fracturing 200 stability 263 stresses 204–16, 204–12, 217–21 prototype 543 rapid, and energy effects 275 rectangular 444, 449, 475, 481, 490, 493 response, to seismic loading 536 roof 259 sequence 9, 198, 208 shape 173, 178, 198, 201, 209, 212, 213, 225, 265, 420 sidewalls 46, 250–1 span 46, 226, 230, 252, 264 spherical cavity model 285, 287, 289, 290, 521 square 252, 253 sudden 275, 287
INDEX Excavation (cont.) support ratio 334 thin tabular 299–301, 430–41 tunnel 115 types 6 zone of influence 3, 201–4, 202, 203, 277, 348, 349, 481, 483, 498, 499, 500, 515 see also Mine; Openings Excavation Pyramid (EP) 244–7, 248–50 Excess Shear Stress (ESS) 432 Explosive–rock interaction 521, 527 elastic models 521 Explosives 272, 518–20, 522, 528, 538, 542 Absolute Strength Value (ASV) 519, 520 brisance 520, 521 chemical 272, 518 performance 520, 528, 538, 540 properties 519, 521 Relative Strength Value 520 rock breakage 522 selection of 521 see also Blasting Extended Mathews stability graph (or chart) 470 Extensometer, rod 551 Extraction area 509 drifts 363, 457, 459, 461, 462, 473 harmonic 517 headings 6 level 356, 367, 369, 471–8, 477, 561, 561–3 partial 387, 434, 435, 482, 515, 516 rate 467 ratio 11, 271, 293, 377, 384, 386–9, 389, 392, 393, 394, 435, 474, 516 sequence 9, 165, 301, 396, 397, 400–03, 402, 405, 417, 426, 429 system design 13, 361, 368, 465 volume 387 Face element method 180, 301, 489 Face support 218, 272, 345, 436, 439, 441, 446, 447, 448 Factor of Safety (F of S) 233, 235, 240, 241, 257, 259, 261, 266, 328–38, 383–6, 386, 388, 389, 391–3, 394, 405, 406, 418, 422, 444, 447, 489, 493, 494 crushing 233, 240, 277, 289, 301, 392, 404 shear failure 235, 241, 422, 444, 489 vertical sliding 493 Failure boundary 199, 200, 214, 215, 221, 222, 587 by buckling 229, 231, 233, 235, 238–40, 317, 375, 439, 451, 559 in compression testing 96 compressive 146, 197, 213, 214, 222, 235, 406 criterion 111, 157, 197, 198, 213, 214–6, 396, 398, 400, 526 and discontinuity spacing 333, 437 in dykes 391, 430, 433, 436, 485, 488, 496, 497 hangingwall 50, 439, 486, 502 618 interior 215–7 modes, jointed rock 198, 227, 229, 231, 243, 328, 373, 378 pillar see Pillars processes 3, 115 rock mass vs structure 5, 200, 213 roof 227, 257, 261, 453 shear 105, 107, 125, 129, 229, 235, 241, 310, 373, 398, 444, 451, 469, 479, 489, 502 roof beam 229, 235, 241 sidewall 46, 211, 212 slip 133, 205–8, 225, 226 wedge size 264 zones 200, 215, 216, 337, 417 Far-field behaviour 195, 201, 202, 306 Far-field domain 349, 351 Far West Rand, South Africa 486 Fault breccia 48 Fault gouge 48, 57, 65 Faulting 48, 96, 146, 147, 308, 310, 352, 464, 500 and fracturing 52, 96, 147, 309, 351, 463 secondary structures 48 thrust 146, 308, 291 Faults 12, 46–8, 69, 70, 146–7, 147, 302–3 conjugate 146 defined 47 Excess Shear Stress (ESS) 432, 432 and friction 158, 303–4 and mining method 353, 363 static shear strength 303, 304, 432 stress drop on 304, 311, 432 and stress trajectories 208 Fault slip 301–4, 308, 404–5, 431, 432, 535, 536 Field stress 16, 142–61 and equilibrium 158 superposition of 167, 180, 183, 184 tensor 142 from borehole strain 148 measurements 147–61 Fill back see Backfill composite see rockfill hydraulic 363, 410 paste see Paste fill sand see Sandfill stress measurements 552–3 Filling defined 426 practice 426 Finite difference methods 189–95, 193, 332, 335–7, 428, 453, 495, 513, 522, 527 Finite element method 183–9, 184, 188, 442, 513 displacement variation 184, 186, 189 equivalent nodal forces 187, 189 stress analysis 442 Finland 428 Fisher constant 75, 76 distribution 75 Fissure water 3, 243, 256, 586 see also Groundwater Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) 192, 195, 337, 438, 495, 498, 506 FLAC2D 442, 513, 514 FLAC3D 192, 322, 323, 443, 453 Flatjack measurements 148, 151–3, 152 Flooding, mine 50 Floor heave 224, 225, 453, 465 rocks, bearing capacity of 365, 372, 390–1, 406, 435 support pressure 319, 320, 320 Flow ellipsoid 454, 455, 459 gravity see Gravity flow patterns 354, 456, 457, 458 theory 454–8 Flow rules 116–7 associated 116–7 non-associated 322 Fluorspar veins 145 Folds 46–48, 58 Foliation 23, 50, 114, 117, 224, 375, 563 Force body 17, 18, 25, 26, 38, 143, 168, 175, 187, 188, 257, 263 contact 190, 191, 194, 466 d’Alembert inertial 282 horizontal 257, 259, 260, 270 nodal 184, 187–9, 196 normal 18, 120, 123–5, 127, 190, 262–3 reinforcement 329 shear, roof prism 256–9 support 2, 2, 242, 256–61, 256, 286, 328–9, 409 surface 2, 17, 256, 257–9, 262–3, 271, 272, 286, 289 vertical 255–63, 329, 442, 469 Force-displacement curves 88, 92–4, 93,94, 96–7, 97, 137 Force-displacement laws 190 Fracture brittle 86, 117, 321, 434, 467 in excavation periphery 318, 439, 544 extension 398, 558 generation 143 hydraulic 161 induced 155, 242, 409, 421–2, 451, 545 initiation 4, 96, 113, 373, 398 mechanics 110–1, 110, 524 mechanisms 3, 96 in point load test 97 shear 96, 107, 119, 373, 436, 444, 558 and state of stress 146–7, 153–5, 525–6 tensile 96, 108 toughness 111 uniaxial compression 88–9, 95–6 zones 108, 213, 219, 463 estimating extent of 213, 463 radius 322 Fractures closure pressure 154
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Rock Mechanics
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Rock Mechanics for underground mini
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Contents Preface to the third editi
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CONTENTS 9 Excavation design in blo
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CONTENTS ix Appendix A Basic constr
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Mining
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In th
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION design
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Safety in Mines Re
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Figure 1.1 (a) Pre-mining condition
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ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING ENGINEERI
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Figure 1.4 Principal features of a
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10 Figure 1.5 Definition of activit
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Figure 1.7 Components and logic of
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Figure 2.1 (a) A finite body subjec
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Figure 2.2 Free-body diagram for es
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN As
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN In
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Figure 2.3 Free-body diagram for de
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Figure 2.5 Problem geometry for det
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Figure 2.7 Rigid-body rotation of a
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN the
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN str
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⎡ ⎢ ⎣ xx yy zz xy yz zx STRES
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Figure 2.11 Cylindrical polar coord
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fre
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Figure 2.13 Construction of a Mohr
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fun
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3 Rock Figure 3.1 Sidewall failure
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Figure 3.2 Jointing in a folded str
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic longitudina
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Figure 3.7 Discontinuity spacing hi
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Figure 3.9 Illustration of persiste
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Figure 3.11 Typical roughness profi
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ROCK MASS STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERIS
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Figure 3.17 Sample number vs. preci
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Figure 3.19 Diagrammatic illustrati
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Figure 3.20 Computerised depiction
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Figure 3.23 Stereographic projectio
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Figure 3.26 Polar stereographic net
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Figure 3.28 Contours of pole concen
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Figure 3.30 Geological Strength Ind
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Figure 4.1 Idealised illustration o
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY wit
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Figure 4.4 Influence of end restrai
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.8 Principle of closed-loop
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Figure 4.12 Two classes of stress-
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Figure 4.14 Point load test apparat
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Figure 4.15 Biaxial compression tes
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Figure 4.18 Results of triaxial com
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY was
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Figure 4.23 Coulomb strength envelo
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Figure 4.25 Extension of a preexist
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Figure 4.29 The three basic modes o
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Figure 4.30 Normalised peak strengt
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY Tab
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Figure 4.32 The normality condition
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Figure 4.33 Variation of peak princ
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Figure 4.35 Direct shear test confi
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Figure 4.37 Shear stress-shear disp
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Figure 4.40 Peak and residual effec
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Figure 4.43 Effect of shearing dire
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Figure 4.45 Relations between norma
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Figure 4.47 Coulomb friction, linea
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.49 Composite peak strength
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Figure 4.50 Hoek-Brown peak strengt
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Figure 4.52 Determination of the Yo
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY 4 A
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5 Pre-mining Figure 5.1 Method of s
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Figure 5.2 The effect of irregular
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS surround
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS induced
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Figure 5.5 (a) Definition of hole l
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Figure 5.6 (a) Core drilling a slot
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Figure 5.7 Principles of stress mea
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS strength
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS A second
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS by the e
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS extend i
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS (d) Dete
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS quantita
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS It is in
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Figure 6.2 A thick-walled cylinder
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS For the
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Figure 6.3 Problem geometry, coordi
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Figure 6.4 Problem geometry, coordi
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS When the
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Figure 6.5 Superposition scheme dem
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The disc
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Figure 6.7 Development of a finite
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS Solution
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Figure 6.8 A simple finite element
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Figure 6.9 A schematic representati
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS block ce
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS where ˚
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The prin
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN MASSIVE ELASTI
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Figure 7.2 A logical framework for
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Figure 7.3 (a) Axisymmetric stress
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Figure 7.6 A plane of weakness, ori
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Figure 7.8 A flat-lying plane of we
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Figure 7.10 Shear stress/normal str
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Figure 7.12 Ovaloidal opening in a
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Figure 7.15 States of stress at sel
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Figure 7.16 Prediction of the exten
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Figure 7.18 Contour plots of princi
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Figure 7.19 Problem geometry for de
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8 Excavation Figure 8.1 An excavati
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.4 Experimental apparatus f
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Figure 8.7 Free body diagrams and n
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Figure 8.8 Assumed distributions of
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Figure 8.9 Flow chart for the deter
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Figure 8.10 Normalised arch thickne
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.11 Normalised deflection a
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9 Excavation Figure 9.1 Generation
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Figure 9.3 (a) A finite, non-tapere
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(a) (b) Figure 9.4 (a) Vertical cro
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(a) (b) (c) EP EP Reference circle
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Figure 9.10 JP 100 is the only JP w
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Figure 9.12 Traces of the views of
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK In
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Figure 9.14 Free-body diagrams of a
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK di
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Figure 9.16 Symmetrical wedge in th
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Figure 9.17 (a) Geometry for determ
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Figure 9.18 Problem geometry demons
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Figure 9.20 Cut-and-fill stope mine
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Figure 9.22 Chart to determine fact
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK Th
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Figure 10.1 (a) Pre-mining state of
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Figure 10.3 (a) Dynamic loading of
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Figure 10.5 (a) Pre-mining and (b)
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Figure 10.6 Problem definition and
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ENERGY, MINE STABILITY, MINE SEISMI
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Figure 10.9 Force and stress compon
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Figure 10.12 Distribution of radial
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Figure 10.15 Problem geometry for d
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Figure 10.17 (a) Schematic represen
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Figure 10.20 Elastic/post-peak stif
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Figure 10.24 Relation between frequ
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Figure 10.28 Six possible ways that
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Figure 10.29 First motions for P an
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11Rock support and reinforcement 11
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Figure 11.1 (a) Hypothetical exampl
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Figure 11.4 Non-linear support reac
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Figure 11.5 Idealised elastic-britt
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Figure 11.6 Calculated required sup
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT The
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Figure 11.9 Ground reaction curves
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Figure 11.12 Use of grouted reinfor
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT If,
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Figure 11.16 Local reinforcement ac
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Figure 11.18 Typical working sketch
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Figure 11.19 Permanent support and
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Figure 11.22 Basis of natural coord
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Figure 11.24 Distributions of (a) s
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Figure 11.26 Resin grouted rockbolt
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Figure 11.28 Alternative methods of
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT Tabl
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Figure 11.31 Toussaint-Heintzmann y
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MINING METHODS AND METHOD SELECTION
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Figure 12.2 Elements of a supported
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Figure 12.6 Schematic layout for bi
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Figure 12.8 Layout for shrink stopi
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Figure 12.9 Schematic layout for VC
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Figure 12.11 Key elements of longwa
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Figure 12.13 Mining layout for tran
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13 Figure 13.1 Schematic illustrati
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Figure 13.3 Layout of barrier pilla
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Figure 13.5 Principal modes of defo
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Figure 13.8 Geometry for tributary
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS str
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Figure 13.10 Distribution of vertic
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Figure 13.12 Pillar behaviour domai
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Lun
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Figure 13.15 Options in the design
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Figure 13.17 Relation between yield
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Figure 13.19 Model of yield of coun
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Figure 13.20 North-south vertical c
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Figure 13.23 Stope-and-pillar layou
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Figure 13.25 Calibrated stability c
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS wor
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Figure 13.28 Pillar performance, de
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Figure 13.29 (a) Stope and pillar l
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Figure 13.31 (a) Plane strain analy
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Pan
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14 Artificially supported mining me
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ARTIFICIALLY SUPPORTED MINING METHO
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Figure 14.2 Simplified view of stru
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Figure 14.5 Confined block model fo
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Figure 14.7 Crown and sidewall stre
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Figure 14.10 Sublevel open stoping
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Figure 14.12 Some applications of c
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15 Longwall and caving mining metho
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Figure 15.2 Shear stress drop in th
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LONGWALL AND CAVING MINING METHODS
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Figure 15.6 Hydraulic prop reaction
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Figure 15.7 Development and extract
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Figure 15.8 Vertical stress redistr
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Figure 15.11 Distribution of observ
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Figure 15.13 Plan view of microseis
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Figure 15.16 Ground-support interac
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Figure 15.18 Roadway support and re
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Figure 15.25 Comparison of isolated
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Figure 15.26 Geometry of a sublevel
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Figure 15.28 Theoretical determinat
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Figure 15.31 Deterioration of a cro
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Figure 15.32 Distinct element simul
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Figure 15.34 Extended Mathews stabi
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Figure 15.36 Comparison of postand
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Figure 15.39 Idealised plan illustr
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Figure 15.41 Idealised vertical sec
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Figure 15.42 Vertical slice through
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16 Figure 16.1 Trough subsidence ov
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE c
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Figure 16.4 North-south section, At
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Figure 16.6 (a) Rectangular block g
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE f
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Figure 16.8 Relation between stope
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE M
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE
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Figure 16.14 Chart developed to est
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Figure 16.16 Progressive hangingwal
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Figure 16.19 Idealised model used i
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Figure 16.21 Longitudinal section,
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE t
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE w
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE F
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Figure 16.25 Subsidence troughs pre
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Figure 16.28 Predicted and measured
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17 Blasting mechanics 17.1 Blasting
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Figure 17.1 An empirical matching o
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Figure 17.2 A finite difference mod
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Figure 17.4 Reflection of a cylindr
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BLASTING MECHANICS means that no ci
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Figure 17.8 Layout of blast holes i
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Figure 17.9 Influence of field stat
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Figure 17.11 Generation of surface
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BLASTING MECHANICS The components o
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BLASTING MECHANICS amplitudes of th
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BLASTING MECHANICS 17.9 Evaluation
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Figure 17.15 (a) Schematic cross se
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BLASTING MECHANICS in Figure 17.17,
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE (a
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE su
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE Ta
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Figure 18.2 The Distometer ISETH, a
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Figure 18.5 Self-inductance multipl
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE is
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Figure 18.9 Biaxial vibrating wire
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE me
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Figure 18.12 Cross section at 6650N
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Figure 18.13 Examples of convergenc
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Figure 18.15 Longitudinal section l
Page 583 and 584: Figure 18.16 (Cont.) MONITORING ROC
Page 585 and 586: Appendix A Basic constructions usin
Page 587 and 588: Figure A.3 Determining the angle be
Page 589 and 590: APPENDIX A USE OF HEMISPHERICAL PRO
Page 591 and 592: APPENDIX B STRESSES AND DISPLACEMEN
Page 593 and 594: Figure A.6 Axisymmetric tunnel prob
Page 595 and 596: Figure A.9 Bolt load-extension curv
Page 597 and 598: APPENDIX D LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANA
Page 603 and 604: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2 (a) 0.087 - 0
Page 605 and 606: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 3 wp = 38.6 m,
Page 607 and 608: REFERENCES Symp. & 17th Tunn. Assn
Page 609 and 610: REFERENCES Brady, B. H. G. and Bray
Page 611 and 612: REFERENCES Collier, P. A. (1993) De
Page 613 and 614: REFERENCES Drescher, A. and Vardoul
Page 615 and 616: REFERENCES Gustafsson, P. (1998) Wa
Page 617 and 618: REFERENCES Hood, M. and Brown, E. T
Page 619 and 620: REFERENCES Kaiser, P. K. and Tannan
Page 621 and 622: REFERENCES Lorig, L. J. and Brady,
Page 623 and 624: REFERENCES Ortlepp, W. D. (1994) Gr
Page 625 and 626: REFERENCES Rojas, E., Molina, R. an
Page 627 and 628: REFERENCES Spottiswoode, S. M. and
Page 629 and 630: REFERENCES Villaescusa, E., Windsor
Page 631 and 632: Index Page numbers appearing in bol
Page 633: INDEX Coulomb (cont.) parameters 96
Page 637 and 638: INDEX Jaeger’s plane of weakness
Page 639 and 640: INDEX Panel caving 470-2, 473, 474,
Page 641 and 642: INDEX Seismic (cont.) moment 306, 3
Page 643 and 644: INDEX Strength (cont.) residual 86,
Page 645: INDEX United States (USA) 395, 396,
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