Rock Mechanics.pdf - Mining and Blasting

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REFERENCES Windsor, C. (2001) Cable bolting. Underground Mining Methods: Engineering Fundamentals and International Case Studies (eds W. A. Hustrulid and R. L. Bullock), 555–61. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton: Colorado. Windsor, C. R. (2003) Personal communication. Windsor, C. R. and Thompson, A. G. (1993) Rock reinforcement – technology, testing, design and evaluation. Comprehensive Rock Engineering (eds J. A. Hudson, E. T. Brown, E. Hoek and C. Fairhurst), 4: 451–84. Pergamon: Oxford. Winzer, S. R. and Ritter, A. P. (1980) The role of stress waves and discontinuities in rock fragmentation: a study of fragmentation in large limestone blocks. The State of the Art in Rock Mechanics, Proc. 21st U. S. Symp. Rock Mech., Rolla (ed. D. A. Summers), 362–70. University of Missouri: Rolla. Wood, P. L., Jenkins, P. A. and Jones, I. W. O. (2000) Sublevel cave drop down at Perseverance Mine, Leinster Nickel Operations. Proc. MassMin 2000, Brisbane (ed. G. Chitombo), 517–26. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall.: Melbourne. Worotnicki, G. and Walton, R. J. (1976) Triaxial ‘hollow inclusion’ gauges for determination of rock stresses in situ. Proc. ISRM Symp. on Investigation of Stress in Rock, Sydney, Supplement, 1–8. Instn Engrs, Aust.: Sydney. Wright, F. D. (1972) Arching action in cracked roof beams. Proc. 5th Int. Strata Control Conf., London, Pre-print 29. Wright, F. D. (1974) Design of Roof Bolt Patterns for Jointed Rock. U. S. Bur. Mines Open File Rep. 61–75. Yao, X. L., Reddish, D. J. and Whittaker, B. N. (1989) Non-linear finite element analysis of surface subsidence arising from inclined seam extraction. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 30(4): 431–41. Yenge, L. I. (1980) Analysis of bulk flow of materials under gravity caving process. Part I – Sublevel caving in relation to flow in bins and bunkers, Q. Colo. School Mines, 75(4): 1–45. Young, R. P., Maxwell, S. C., Urbancic, T. I. and Feigner, B. (1992) Mining-induced microseismicity: monitoring and application of imaging and source mechanism techniques. Pure Appl. Geophys., 139: 697–719. Zienkiewicz, O. C. (1977) The Finite Element Method, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill: London. Zoback, M. D., Barton, C. A., Brudy, M., Castillo, D. A., Finkbeiner, T., Grollimund, B. R., Moos, D. B., Peska, P., Ward, C. D. and Wiprut, D. J. (2003) Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 40(7–8): 1049–76. Zoback, M. D., Moos, D., Mastin, L. and Anderson, R. N. (1985) Well bore breakouts and in situ stress. J. Geophys. Res., 90: 5523–30. 613
Index Page numbers appearing in bold refer to figures and page numbers in italic refer to tables Absolute Strength Value (ASV) 519, 520 Abutment 49, 231–41, 401–3, 442–4, 443, 471–3 shear 249, 235, 241 Accelerometer 304, 305, 539, 557 see also Openings Access raises 6, 356, 360 Acoustic emission 556 see also Microseismic activity Acoustic waves 556 Advance or advanced undercut 472, 473, 474, 561 Aggregate 80, 96, 341–4, 410, 415 Air blasts 353, 446, 468, 469, 479, 481, 485 Air gap 467, 469, 480, 481, 521 Airways 6, 197, 199, 348, 355, 356, 403 Airy stress function 169, 170 Andina Mine, Chile 475 Anelastic strain recovery 156 ANFO blasting agent 519, 520 Angus Place Colliery, New South Wales, Australia 449, 450, 451, 451 Anisotropy 37, 96, 99, 117 Aperture, defined 55, 56, 57, 59 Appin Colliery, New South Wales, Australia 443, 443 Aquifers 12, 353 see also Groundwater Arches 313, 346, 351, 466 elastic shortening, 232, 233 Arching 227, 441, 466, 471, 479, 496 Argillaceous rocks 5, 391, 493 compressive strength 493 see also Clays Shales Artificially supported mining see Mining methods Asperities 125, 126, 129 failure component 125, 128, 129 Athens Mine, Michigan 488, 494 Australia 312, 340, 445, 446, 448, 486 Angus Place Colliery 449, 450, 451, 451 Appin Colliery 443, 443 Gordonstone Mine 442, 443, 445, 446 Mount Charlotte Mine 403–5, 404 Mount Isa Mine 67, 68, 112, 134, 265, 266, 362, 363, 381, 415, 558–61, 559, 560, 567 Northparkes E26 Mine 467–9, 470, 485, 557, 557 Perseverance Mine 464, 464 Ridgeway Gold Mine 454, 462 Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme 333 614 Southern Coalfield, New South Wales 444, 507, 516 Telfer Gold Mine 549 Australian Geomechanics Society 1 Available support line 315, 320, 577, 579 determination 577 Backfill 6, 12, 13, 165, 354, 357–61, 363, 365, 395, 401, 403–6, 408–19, 409–11, 414, 423–7, 435, 436, 487, 505, 533, 562, 563 catastrophic flow of 409 cemented, applications 401, 412–7, 414, 415, 419, 424–5, 425 composite 415 compression tests on 413, 417, 417 control of stope wall behaviour 408 and cut-and-fill stoping 357–61, 409, 419, 421, 423 design of 416 and dynamic loading 519 failure of 13, 165, 354, 396, 400, 406, 415, 417–8, 424, 435, 487 for ground control 417 materials 410, 487 in open stoping 356, 357, 358, 360, 403, 409, 419, 423–6, 425, 426, 563 paste 363, 410, 416, 426–8 performance criteria 424 properties and placement 410 -rock interface, stress at 408, 424, 425 shear strength 409, 413, 422, 487 slip surfaces in 424 stiffness 417, 436 structural role 417 support modes 371 Barton–Bandis formulation 131–2, 303 Bar wave equation 278 Basic rocks 6 Bearing capacity 365, 372, 390–1, 406, 435 Bedding-down effects 88, 91, 97 Bedding planes 46–48, 50, 51, 59, 65, 67–70, 74, 75, 99, 129, 224–6, 242, 374, 391, 436, 438, 442, 444, 451, 558–61 separation 226 silt in 129 slip 129, 225–6 structural data 57, 60, 67, 69, 72 Bench areas 212 Bench-and-fill stoping or bench stoping 69, 362, 370, 419, 423, 426, 427 Betti Reciprocal Work Theorem 183 Biaxial strain cell 34 Bieniawski 78, 79, 80, 111–2, 113, 134, 138, 198, 199, 333, 505 empirical strength criterion 111–2, 113 geomechanics classification 78, 79, 80 Bifurcation point 96 Biharmonic equation 169, 170 Black Angel Mine, Greenland 381 Blast holes 222, 277, 356, 357, 361, 366, 425, 454, 522–6, 525, 528, 529–31, 538, 540 boundary stress 221, 222, 525, 529–2, 531 gas pressure 523, 525, 529, 530 Blasting 13, 135, 152, 264, 281, 356, 361–3, 362, 366–7, 433–4, 472–3, 518–42 agents 519 cap 519 charge malfunctions 541 computational models 527 design 13 de-stress 264, 434, 473 explosive-rock interaction 521–2 gas pressure 525, 529, 530 loading phases 523–6 performance 538, 540 perimeter 527, 528, 531, 532 processes 518, 527 rock breakage phenomenology 522 seismic zone 524 and surface waves 517, 532–3, 535 and tensile stresses 85, 153, 281, 526, 529–30 test 526, 538 transient ground motion 532 vibration monitoring 538, 541 see also Explosives Block Cave Fragmentation (BCF) 479 Block caving 8, 349–51, 350, 367–9, 465–81, 466, 485, 486, 496–501, 497, 561–3 discontinuous subsidence 133, 484–6, 495, 496, 501 distinct element simulation 466 draw control 479–81 extraction level design 476–8 fragmentation 367, 465, 476–9 mining direction for 463, 475 subsidence profile 484, 486, 508, 509, 513–6 undercutting strategy 471–4, 476, 561 Block failure modes 243 Blocking, steel sets 313, 314, 315, 317, 320, 338, 346, 478, 544, 577 Blocky rock 242, 243, 246, 248, 251, 263 Block Theory 243–55
Page 1 and 2:
Rock Mechanics
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Rock Mechanics for underground mini
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Contents Preface to the third editi
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CONTENTS 9 Excavation design in blo
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CONTENTS ix Appendix A Basic constr
Page 11 and 12:
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Mining
Page 13 and 14:
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In th
Page 15 and 16:
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION design
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Safety in Mines Re
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Figure 1.1 (a) Pre-mining condition
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ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING ENGINEERI
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Figure 1.4 Principal features of a
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10 Figure 1.5 Definition of activit
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Figure 1.7 Components and logic of
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Figure 2.1 (a) A finite body subjec
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Figure 2.2 Free-body diagram for es
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN As
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN In
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Figure 2.3 Free-body diagram for de
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Figure 2.5 Problem geometry for det
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Figure 2.7 Rigid-body rotation of a
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN the
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN str
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⎡ ⎢ ⎣ xx yy zz xy yz zx STRES
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Figure 2.11 Cylindrical polar coord
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fre
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Figure 2.13 Construction of a Mohr
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STRESS AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN fun
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3 Rock Figure 3.1 Sidewall failure
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Figure 3.2 Jointing in a folded str
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Figure 3.5 Diagrammatic longitudina
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Figure 3.7 Discontinuity spacing hi
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Figure 3.9 Illustration of persiste
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Figure 3.11 Typical roughness profi
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ROCK MASS STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERIS
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Figure 3.17 Sample number vs. preci
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Figure 3.19 Diagrammatic illustrati
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Figure 3.20 Computerised depiction
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Figure 3.23 Stereographic projectio
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Figure 3.26 Polar stereographic net
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Figure 3.28 Contours of pole concen
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Figure 3.30 Geological Strength Ind
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Figure 4.1 Idealised illustration o
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY wit
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Figure 4.4 Influence of end restrai
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.8 Principle of closed-loop
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Figure 4.12 Two classes of stress-
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Figure 4.14 Point load test apparat
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Figure 4.15 Biaxial compression tes
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Figure 4.18 Results of triaxial com
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY was
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Figure 4.23 Coulomb strength envelo
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Figure 4.25 Extension of a preexist
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Figure 4.29 The three basic modes o
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Figure 4.30 Normalised peak strengt
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY Tab
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Figure 4.32 The normality condition
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Figure 4.33 Variation of peak princ
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Figure 4.35 Direct shear test confi
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Figure 4.37 Shear stress-shear disp
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Figure 4.40 Peak and residual effec
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Figure 4.43 Effect of shearing dire
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Figure 4.45 Relations between norma
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Figure 4.47 Coulomb friction, linea
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY whe
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Figure 4.49 Composite peak strength
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Figure 4.50 Hoek-Brown peak strengt
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Figure 4.52 Determination of the Yo
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ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY 4 A
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5 Pre-mining Figure 5.1 Method of s
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Figure 5.2 The effect of irregular
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS surround
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS induced
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Figure 5.5 (a) Definition of hole l
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Figure 5.6 (a) Core drilling a slot
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Figure 5.7 Principles of stress mea
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS strength
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS A second
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS by the e
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS extend i
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PRE-MINING STATE OF STRESS (d) Dete
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS quantita
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS It is in
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Figure 6.2 A thick-walled cylinder
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS For the
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Figure 6.3 Problem geometry, coordi
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Figure 6.4 Problem geometry, coordi
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS When the
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Figure 6.5 Superposition scheme dem
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The disc
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Figure 6.7 Development of a finite
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS Solution
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Figure 6.8 A simple finite element
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Figure 6.9 A schematic representati
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS block ce
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS where ˚
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METHODS OF STRESS ANALYSIS The prin
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN MASSIVE ELASTI
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Figure 7.2 A logical framework for
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Figure 7.3 (a) Axisymmetric stress
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Figure 7.6 A plane of weakness, ori
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Figure 7.8 A flat-lying plane of we
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Figure 7.10 Shear stress/normal str
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Figure 7.12 Ovaloidal opening in a
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Figure 7.15 States of stress at sel
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Figure 7.16 Prediction of the exten
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Figure 7.18 Contour plots of princi
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Figure 7.19 Problem geometry for de
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8 Excavation Figure 8.1 An excavati
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.4 Experimental apparatus f
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Figure 8.7 Free body diagrams and n
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Figure 8.8 Assumed distributions of
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Figure 8.9 Flow chart for the deter
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Figure 8.10 Normalised arch thickne
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN STRATIFIED ROC
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Figure 8.11 Normalised deflection a
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9 Excavation Figure 9.1 Generation
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Figure 9.3 (a) A finite, non-tapere
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(a) (b) Figure 9.4 (a) Vertical cro
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(a) (b) (c) EP EP Reference circle
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Figure 9.10 JP 100 is the only JP w
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Figure 9.12 Traces of the views of
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK In
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Figure 9.14 Free-body diagrams of a
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK di
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Figure 9.16 Symmetrical wedge in th
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Figure 9.17 (a) Geometry for determ
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Figure 9.18 Problem geometry demons
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Figure 9.20 Cut-and-fill stope mine
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Figure 9.22 Chart to determine fact
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EXCAVATION DESIGN IN BLOCKY ROCK Th
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Figure 10.1 (a) Pre-mining state of
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Figure 10.3 (a) Dynamic loading of
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Figure 10.5 (a) Pre-mining and (b)
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Figure 10.6 Problem definition and
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ENERGY, MINE STABILITY, MINE SEISMI
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Figure 10.9 Force and stress compon
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Figure 10.12 Distribution of radial
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Figure 10.15 Problem geometry for d
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Figure 10.17 (a) Schematic represen
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Figure 10.20 Elastic/post-peak stif
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Figure 10.24 Relation between frequ
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Figure 10.28 Six possible ways that
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Figure 10.29 First motions for P an
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11Rock support and reinforcement 11
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Figure 11.1 (a) Hypothetical exampl
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Figure 11.4 Non-linear support reac
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Figure 11.5 Idealised elastic-britt
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Figure 11.6 Calculated required sup
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT The
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Figure 11.9 Ground reaction curves
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Figure 11.12 Use of grouted reinfor
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT If,
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Figure 11.16 Local reinforcement ac
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Figure 11.18 Typical working sketch
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Figure 11.19 Permanent support and
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Figure 11.22 Basis of natural coord
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Figure 11.24 Distributions of (a) s
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Figure 11.26 Resin grouted rockbolt
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Figure 11.28 Alternative methods of
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ROCK SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT Tabl
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Figure 11.31 Toussaint-Heintzmann y
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MINING METHODS AND METHOD SELECTION
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Figure 12.2 Elements of a supported
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Figure 12.6 Schematic layout for bi
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Figure 12.8 Layout for shrink stopi
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Figure 12.9 Schematic layout for VC
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Figure 12.11 Key elements of longwa
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Figure 12.13 Mining layout for tran
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13 Figure 13.1 Schematic illustrati
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Figure 13.3 Layout of barrier pilla
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Figure 13.5 Principal modes of defo
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Figure 13.8 Geometry for tributary
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS str
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Figure 13.10 Distribution of vertic
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Figure 13.12 Pillar behaviour domai
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Lun
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Figure 13.15 Options in the design
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Figure 13.17 Relation between yield
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Figure 13.19 Model of yield of coun
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Figure 13.20 North-south vertical c
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Figure 13.23 Stope-and-pillar layou
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Figure 13.25 Calibrated stability c
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS wor
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Figure 13.28 Pillar performance, de
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Figure 13.29 (a) Stope and pillar l
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Figure 13.31 (a) Plane strain analy
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PILLAR SUPPORTED MINING METHODS Pan
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14 Artificially supported mining me
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ARTIFICIALLY SUPPORTED MINING METHO
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Page 431 and 432:
Figure 14.2 Simplified view of stru
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Figure 14.5 Confined block model fo
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Figure 14.7 Crown and sidewall stre
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Page 443 and 444:
Figure 14.10 Sublevel open stoping
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Figure 14.12 Some applications of c
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15 Longwall and caving mining metho
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Figure 15.2 Shear stress drop in th
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LONGWALL AND CAVING MINING METHODS
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Page 455 and 456:
Figure 15.6 Hydraulic prop reaction
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Figure 15.7 Development and extract
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Figure 15.8 Vertical stress redistr
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Figure 15.11 Distribution of observ
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Figure 15.13 Plan view of microseis
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Figure 15.16 Ground-support interac
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Figure 15.18 Roadway support and re
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Figure 15.25 Comparison of isolated
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Figure 15.26 Geometry of a sublevel
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Figure 15.28 Theoretical determinat
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Figure 15.31 Deterioration of a cro
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Figure 15.32 Distinct element simul
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Figure 15.34 Extended Mathews stabi
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Figure 15.36 Comparison of postand
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Figure 15.39 Idealised plan illustr
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Figure 15.41 Idealised vertical sec
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Figure 15.42 Vertical slice through
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16 Figure 16.1 Trough subsidence ov
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE c
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Figure 16.4 North-south section, At
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Figure 16.6 (a) Rectangular block g
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE f
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Figure 16.8 Relation between stope
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE M
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE
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Figure 16.14 Chart developed to est
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Figure 16.16 Progressive hangingwal
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Figure 16.19 Idealised model used i
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Figure 16.21 Longitudinal section,
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE t
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE w
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MINING-INDUCED SURFACE SUBSIDENCE F
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Figure 16.25 Subsidence troughs pre
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Figure 16.28 Predicted and measured
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17 Blasting mechanics 17.1 Blasting
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Figure 17.1 An empirical matching o
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Figure 17.2 A finite difference mod
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Figure 17.4 Reflection of a cylindr
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BLASTING MECHANICS means that no ci
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Figure 17.8 Layout of blast holes i
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Figure 17.9 Influence of field stat
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Figure 17.11 Generation of surface
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BLASTING MECHANICS The components o
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BLASTING MECHANICS amplitudes of th
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BLASTING MECHANICS 17.9 Evaluation
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Figure 17.15 (a) Schematic cross se
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BLASTING MECHANICS in Figure 17.17,
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE (a
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE su
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE Ta
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Figure 18.2 The Distometer ISETH, a
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Figure 18.5 Self-inductance multipl
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE is
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Figure 18.9 Biaxial vibrating wire
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MONITORING ROCK MASS PERFORMANCE me
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Figure 18.12 Cross section at 6650N
Page 579 and 580: Figure 18.13 Examples of convergenc
Page 581 and 582: Figure 18.15 Longitudinal section l
Page 583 and 584: Figure 18.16 (Cont.) MONITORING ROC
Page 585 and 586: Appendix A Basic constructions usin
Page 587 and 588: Figure A.3 Determining the angle be
Page 589 and 590: APPENDIX A USE OF HEMISPHERICAL PRO
Page 591 and 592: APPENDIX B STRESSES AND DISPLACEMEN
Page 593 and 594: Figure A.6 Axisymmetric tunnel prob
Page 595 and 596: Figure A.9 Bolt load-extension curv
Page 597 and 598: APPENDIX D LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANA
Page 603 and 604: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2 (a) 0.087 - 0
Page 605 and 606: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 3 wp = 38.6 m,
Page 607 and 608: REFERENCES Symp. & 17th Tunn. Assn
Page 609 and 610: REFERENCES Brady, B. H. G. and Bray
Page 611 and 612: REFERENCES Collier, P. A. (1993) De
Page 613 and 614: REFERENCES Drescher, A. and Vardoul
Page 615 and 616: REFERENCES Gustafsson, P. (1998) Wa
Page 617 and 618: REFERENCES Hood, M. and Brown, E. T
Page 619 and 620: REFERENCES Kaiser, P. K. and Tannan
Page 621 and 622: REFERENCES Lorig, L. J. and Brady,
Page 623 and 624: REFERENCES Ortlepp, W. D. (1994) Gr
Page 625 and 626: REFERENCES Rojas, E., Molina, R. an
Page 627 and 628: REFERENCES Spottiswoode, S. M. and
Page 629: REFERENCES Villaescusa, E., Windsor
Page 633 and 634: INDEX Coulomb (cont.) parameters 96
Page 635 and 636: INDEX Excavation (cont.) support ra
Page 637 and 638: INDEX Jaeger’s plane of weakness
Page 639 and 640: INDEX Panel caving 470-2, 473, 474,
Page 641 and 642: INDEX Seismic (cont.) moment 306, 3
Page 643 and 644: INDEX Strength (cont.) residual 86,
Page 645: INDEX United States (USA) 395, 396,
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