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208 D. P. Pesch ken<br />
Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Control Attempts<br />
Recommendations<br />
Literature Cited<br />
So far no T. dilaeerata overwintered in Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan, with its thin or<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten non-existent snow-cover, constitutes a harsh climate for overwintering. Also<br />
suitable food for the adult flies may be scarce in spring and fall on the prairies.<br />
(1) Releases <strong>of</strong> CystipllOra sonehi and T. dilaeerata should be made and monitored in<br />
areas where S. arvensis is frequent, i.e. in Ontario and Manitoba, and the northerly areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> Ontario, Quebec. and the Prairie Provinces, and in irrigated areas where S. arvensis is a<br />
problem.<br />
(2) A study <strong>of</strong> the overwintering habits <strong>of</strong> T. dilaeerata should be made.<br />
(3) The role <strong>of</strong> seeds <strong>of</strong> S. arvensis in the propagation <strong>of</strong> existing stands and the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> new stands should be investigated to determine whether the establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> seed-destroying biological control agents should be pursued.<br />
(4) The moth Celypha rosaeeana (Schlager) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the seedhead<br />
fly Contarinia sellleclllendaliana Rubs. (= soneh; Kieffer) appear to have a narrow<br />
host range and warrant screening as biological control agents.<br />
(5) The survey for S. arvensis insects should be resumed and concentrated in the<br />
northern agricultural areas <strong>of</strong> Europe, such as Sweden, Finland. and the northern areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> European and Asian USSR, where S. arvensis is frequent.<br />
Berube. D.E. (1978a) Larval descriptions and biology <strong>of</strong> Tephritis dilacerata (Dipt.: Tephritidae) a candidate for biocontrol <strong>of</strong> Sonchus<br />
arvensis in <strong>Canada</strong>. Entomophaga 23. 69-82.<br />
Berube. D.E. (1978b) The basis <strong>of</strong> host plant specificity in Tephritis dilacerata and T. formosa (Dipt.: Tephritidae). Entomophaga 23.<br />
331-337.<br />
Boulos. L. (1961) Cytotaxonomic studies in the genus Sonchus. 3. On the cytotaxonomy and distribution <strong>of</strong> Sonchus arvensis L. Botaniska<br />
Notiser 114(1). 57-64.<br />
Bradley. J. D.; Tremewan. W.G.; Smith. A. (1979) British tortricoid moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. Vol. II. London; The Ray <strong>Society</strong> and<br />
British Museum. 320 pp.<br />
Conners. I.L. (1967) An annotated index <strong>of</strong> plant diseases in <strong>Canada</strong>. and fungi recorded on plants in Alaska. <strong>Canada</strong> and Greenland.<br />
Canadian Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Publication 1251.381 pp.<br />
Derscheid. L.A.; Parker. R. (1972) Thistles. <strong>Canada</strong> thistle. perennial sow-thistle. South Dakota State University Extension Fact Sheet 450.<br />
4 pp.<br />
Frankton. D.; Mulligan. G.A. (1970) Weeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong>. Canadian Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Publication 948. 217 pp.<br />
Friesen. G.; Shebeski. L.H. (1960) Economic losses caused by weed competition in Manitoba grain fields. I. Weed species. their relative<br />
abundance and their eUeet on crop yields. Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Science 40. 457-467.<br />
Gayed. S.K. (1978) Tobacco diseases. Canadian Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Publication 1641, 57 pp.<br />
Henriksen. K.L. (1944) Fortegne1se over de danske galler (zoodeccidier). Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis VI. 1-212.<br />
Holm. L.G.; Plucknett. D.L.; Pancho. J. V.; Herbcrger.J.P.(1977) Thc world's worst weeds. Honolulu; University Press <strong>of</strong> Hawaii. 609 pp.<br />
Kieffer. J.J. (1899) Enumeration des eecidies recueillies aux Petites-Dalles (Seine-Inferieure) avec description de deux Cccidomyies<br />
nouvelles. Bulletin de la Sociltl des Amis des Sciences Naturelles de Rouen. 89-105.<br />
Kutschera. L. (1960) Wurzelatlas mitteleuropiiischer Ackerunkriiuter und Kulturpllanzen. Frankfurt; DLG. 574 pp.<br />
Pesehken. D.P. (in press) Host specificity and biology <strong>of</strong> Cystiphora sonchi (Loew) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidac). a candidate for the<br />
biological control <strong>of</strong> Sonchus species. Enromophaga.<br />
Salisbury. E. (1976) Weeds and aliens. London; Collins. 384 pp.<br />
SchrOder. D. (1974) The phytophagous insects attacking Sonchus spp. (Compositae) in Europe. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 3rd International<br />
Symposium on Biological Control <strong>of</strong> Weeds. Montpellier. France. Commonwealth Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological<br />
Control Miscellaneous Publication 8. 89-96.<br />
Shaskov. V.P.; Kokmakov. P.P.; Volkov. E.E.; Trifanova. L.F. (1977) The influence <strong>of</strong> rhizomatous weeds in spring wheat crops on the<br />
utilization <strong>of</strong> nitrogen. phosphoros and potassium. Agrokhimiya 14(3).57-59.<br />
Shetler. S.G.; Skog. L.E. (1978) A provisional checklist <strong>of</strong> species for Rora North America (Revised). Rora North America Report 84.<br />
Missouri Botanical Garden. 199 pp.<br />
Skuhrava • M.; Skuhravj. V. (1973) Gallmiicken and ihre Gallen auf Wildpllanzen. Wittenberg Lutherstadt; Ziemsen. 118 pp.
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