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Literature Cited
ChorislOIU'lIfCI fllmiferallil (Clemens). 237
control programmes to high investment areas such as parks, nurseries, and high value
timber stands, because in that province wood supply problems are less pressing and fir is
a minor component of utilized softwood. In all provinces, the issue of protection kindled
debate on the use of chemicals. Various citizen groups argued that the use of chemical
insecticides in forest spraying created unacceptable environmental and human health
risks; they called for biological control and other pest management options. All provincial
administration reacted to these concerns, but in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland the
reaction resulted in curtailment of chemical spraying in forests that, with no intervention,
had already suffered severe defoliation and increasing mortality.
Although there has been research into many potential spruce budworm control techniques,
operational control tactics in the face of a widespread epidemic are largely limited to
removal of vulnerable stands and the suppression of feeding larval populations with
chemical insecticides or with Bacillus Ihuringiensis Berliner. The following sections
summarize the progress made with each of the biological control methods.
Baskerville. G.L.; MacLean. D.A. (1979) Budworm caused mortality and 20-year recovery in immature balsam fir stands. Canadian
Foreslry Sen'ice, Marilime Foresl Research Cenlre Informalion Reporl M-X-102.
Miller. CA.; Kettela. E.G. (1975) Aerial control operations against the spruce budwonn in New Brunswick. 1952-1973. In: Prebble M.L.
(Ed.) Aerial control of forest insects in Canada. Ottawa. Ontario; Thorn Press. pp. 95-112.