pdf, 57.71Mb - Entomological Society of Canada
pdf, 57.71Mb - Entomological Society of Canada
pdf, 57.71Mb - Entomological Society of Canada
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Recommendations<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Lymantria dispar (L.). 3()9<br />
1929, Proper 1931). nle latter species is a secondary parasitoid as frequently as it is a<br />
primary one (Howard & Fiske 1911).<br />
It is too soon to state that the release <strong>of</strong> egg parasitoids in <strong>Canada</strong> has resulted in the<br />
permanent establishment <strong>of</strong> these insects. We do know that seven other species <strong>of</strong><br />
exotic parasitoids previously established in the United States are now attacking gypsy<br />
moth in <strong>Canada</strong>, but, in the absence <strong>of</strong> careful population studies <strong>of</strong> the gypsy moth we<br />
cannot say what impact any <strong>of</strong> them is having.<br />
A combination <strong>of</strong> applications <strong>of</strong> carbaryl on some areas and <strong>of</strong> "insecticide soap" on<br />
other areas in 1979 in Vancouver apparently resulted in elimination <strong>of</strong> the population<br />
there. It should be pointed out, however, that very few <strong>of</strong> the isolated infestations<br />
recorded in the history <strong>of</strong> the gypsy moth in the United States have ever been completely<br />
eradicated. Spraying with either an NPV or B.I. has been effective in small scale trials<br />
but the cost <strong>of</strong> application is many times higher than the cost <strong>of</strong> applying chemicals.<br />
It is evident that, aside from continuing to release and sample for the two egg parasitoids, O.<br />
kuvanae and A. dis paris , there is little more to be done in the introduction <strong>of</strong> biological<br />
agents because there are no more known suitable candidates. The one successfully<br />
established exotic predator, Calosoma sycophanla L., was introduced unsuccessfully<br />
into <strong>Canada</strong> at a number <strong>of</strong> locations (McGugan & Coppe11962) and it is questionable<br />
whether further work on this species is justified.<br />
Cardinal & Smim<strong>of</strong>f (1973) were able to produce gypsy moth NPV by rearing<br />
contaminated larvae in cages in the field. Smim<strong>of</strong>f (personal communication) recommends<br />
that the NPV so produced be used to inoculate incipient outbreaks by application on<br />
either egg masses or foliage to prevent buildup <strong>of</strong> gypsy moth to outbreak levels.<br />
In view <strong>of</strong> the above and <strong>of</strong> the relatively innocuous levels <strong>of</strong> gypsy moth populations<br />
in <strong>Canada</strong> in 1980, we feel there is no urgent need for further classical biological control<br />
work on this species. However, we strongly recommend that careful surveillance <strong>of</strong> the<br />
dispersal <strong>of</strong> the gypsy moth be continued by staff <strong>of</strong> the Plant Protection Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture <strong>Canada</strong>. Continued monitoring in the Vancouver area is especially important.<br />
Brillon. W.E. (1935) The gypsy moth. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment SUllion Bulletin 375,623-647.<br />
Brown, G.S. (1968) The gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar L., a threat to Ontario honicullure and forestry. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Entomological</strong><br />
<strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> Ontario 98,12-15.<br />
Burgess, A. F. (1914) The gypsy moth and the brown· tail moth. with suggestions for their control. US Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Farm Bulletin<br />
564,24 pp.<br />
Burgess, A.F.; Crossman. S.S. (1929) Imponed insect enemies <strong>of</strong> the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth. US Departnunt <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
Technical Bulletin 86, 147 pp.<br />
Campbell, R.W.; Podgwaite. J.D. (1971) The disease complex <strong>of</strong> the gypsy moth. I. Major components. Journal <strong>of</strong> In"ertebrate Pathology<br />
18(1).101-107.<br />
Cardinal. J .A.; Smim<strong>of</strong>f. W.A. (1973) Introduction ex¢rimentale de la polyCdrie nucleairc de Portherria di.fpar L. (Upidoptcres: Lymantriidae)<br />
en foret. Phytoprotection 54(1).48-50.<br />
Doane. C.C. (1970) Primary pathogens and their role in the development <strong>of</strong> an epizootic in the gypsy moth. Journal <strong>of</strong> Invertehrate Pathology<br />
15(1),21-23.<br />
Doane. c.c. (1971) Field application <strong>of</strong> a Streptococcus causing brachyosis in larvae <strong>of</strong> Porthetria dis par. Journal <strong>of</strong> In"enehrate Pathology<br />
17(3),303-307.<br />
Doane. c.c.; McManus. M.L. (Eds.) (1981) The gypsy moth: research toward integrated pest management. US Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
Science Education Agency APHIS Technical Bulletin 1584,757 pp.<br />
Dowden. P.B. (1962) Parasites and predators <strong>of</strong> forest insects liberated in the United States through 1960. US Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Forest<br />
Se",ice Handbook 226. 70 pp.<br />
Griffiths. K.J. (1976) The parasites and predators <strong>of</strong> the gypsy moth: a review <strong>of</strong> the world literature with special application to <strong>Canada</strong>.<br />
Canadian Forestry Se",ice Sault Ste. Marie. Ontario Report O-X·243. 92 pp.
Change language