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220 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green
Evaluation of Control Attempts
Table 53
Virtually no work has been carried out with nematodes during the review period,
although recent laboratory studies have shown that Heterorhabditis hefiothidis (Khan et
al.) is lethal to C. fumiferana (G. Finney' 1981 personal communication). Work with
rickettsia has been deliberately avoided because of potential human health problems.
We have attempted to summarize the authors' evaluations of control success under the
headings of predators and parasitoids, and of entomopathogens. As previous reviews in
this series have been devoted largely to predators and parasitoids, we have also
summarized these earlier evaluations of the major control attempts to show progress
through the review periods. Simmonds' classification of control success has been used
to provide continuity with the previous review (Simmonds 1969). Practical control using
entomopathogens received relatively little attention until the current review period,
except for work with NPVs against G. hercyniae and N. lecontei, hence few comparisons
can be made with earlier work. Furthermore, Simmonds' classification of control
success does not adequately describe the control strategy attempted with many entomopathogens
and a separate rating system has thus been devised for entomopathogens that
better reflects the behaviour of these control agents.
The summary of control attempts given in Tables 53 and 54 shows that two-thirds of
the forest insect pests covered in this review were considered to be successfully
Evaluation of biological control attempts against forest insect pests using predators and
parasitoids
Degree of success·
Pest 1910-58 1958-68 1969-80
Adelges piceae promising
Coleophora laricella good ++++ ++++
Coleophora se"atella
Fenusa pusilla +
Gilpinia hercyniae good ++++*. ++++**
Leucoma salicis good +++ +++
Lymantria dispar
Neodiprion sertifer ++ ++
Operophtera brumata ++++ ++++
Pristiphora erichsonii promising ++ +++
Pristiphora geniculata ++
Rhyacionia buoliana + +++
• Based on McGugan & Coppel's assessment up to 1958, and on Reeks & Cameron's
evaluation for 1959-68. Simmonds' (1969) classification of control success is used
in the final two columns, viz.
No control.
+ Slight pest reduction or too early for evaluation of control.
+ + Local control; distribution restricted or not fully investigated.
+ + + Control widespread but local damage occurs.
+ + + + Control complete
** Acting in conjunction with a virus.
) Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, Newfoundland.