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246 W. A. Smirnoff and O. N. Morris
Literature Cited
continue to be valid, but require updating. B.t. spray operations are expensive
compared with the use of chemical insecticides (2.5-5 times higher around 1980). As
much of the cost is in material transport, more concentrated proprietary products should
be devised to lower the shipping and application costs.
Technical development of formulations, spray applications, and efficacy assessment
should be continued: the search for more efficaceous formulations, droplet spectra, and
timings should be continued; field dosage and volume/response relationships should be
established, to provide the pest manager with costlbenefit options; and a quantitative
method of measuring deposits at the feeding site is needed, to relate deposit rate of the
active ingredient to its effectiveness.
Auger. M.; Chabot. M.; Pelletier. M.; Bordeleau. C. (1981) Ellpertises entomologiques relices aux pulvl!risations al!riennes contre la
tordeuse des bourgcons de I'!!pinette au QuI!bec en 1980. Qucbec; Ministl!re de I'Energie et des Ressources,
107 pp.
Cooksey, K.E. (1971) The protein erystaltollin of Bacillus thuringiensis: biochemistry and mode ofaction.ln: Burges. H.D.; Hussey. N.W.
(Eds.) Microbial control of insects and mites. New York; Academic Press, pp. 247-274.
Dorais, L.; Pelletier, M.; Smirnoff, W.A. (1980) Pulvl!risations acriennes de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner realisees au Qucbec de 1971 a
1979 contre In tordeuse des bourgeons de I'cpinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Rappon presente
au VI' Congres International de l'Aviation Agricole a Turin. Italie, Septembre 1980.
Fast. P.G. (1981) The crystal toxin of Bacillusthuringiensis.ln: Burges, H.D. (Ed.). Microbial control of pests and plant diseases 1970-1980.
New York; Academic Press, pp. 223-248.
Morris, O.N. (1973) Dosage·monality studies with commercial Bacillus thuringiensis sprayed in a modified Potler's Tower against some
forest insects. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 22,108-114.
Morris, O.N. (1980) Repon of the 1979 CAN USA Cooperative Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) spray trials. Canadian Forestry Service
Information Report FPM-X-40, 160 pp.
Morris, O.N. (1981) Repon on the 1980 Cooperative Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) spray trials. Canadian Forestry Service Information Report
FMP-X-48, 80 pp.
Morris, O.N.; Moore. A. (1975) Studies on the protection of insect pathogens from sunlight protection. II. Preliminary field trials. Canadian
Forestry Service Information Report CC-X-113.
Morris, O.N.; Angus, T.A.;Smirnoff, W. (1975) In: Prebble, M.L. (Ed.). Aerial control offorest insects in Canada. Ottawa; Thorn Press, pp.
129-133.
Morris, O. N.; Hildebrand, M.J.; Moore, A. (1981) Comparative effectiveness of three commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis for
control of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Oem.). Canadian Forestry Service
Information Report FMP-X-47. 31 pp.
Smirnoff, W.A. (1967) Innuence of temperature on the rate of development of sill varieties of Bacillus cereus group. Insect pathology and
microbial control. Amsterdam; Nonh-Holland, pp. 125-130.
Smimoff, W.A. (1973) Results of tests with Bacillus thuringiensis and chitinase on larvae of the spruce budworm. Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology 21,116-118.
Smirnoff, W.A. (1977) Confirmations ellperimentales du potential du complelle Bacillus thuringiensis et chitinase pour la rl!pression de la
tordeuse des bourgeons de I'cpinette Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian
Entomologist 109.351-358.
Smimoff, W.A. (1978) Impact des traitemcnts bacteriologiques et des traitcmcnts chimiqucs sur une I!pidemie de la tordeuse des bourgeons
de I'cpinette. Resumc des communications, 46' congres ACFAS. p. 68.
Smirnoff, W.A. (1979a) Results of spraying Bacillus thuringiensis two consecutive years over balsam fir stands damaged by spruce
budworm. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9,509-513.
Smirnoff, W.A. (1979b) Result of a 3-phase research program related to the biological control of the spruce budworm in 1979. LFRC, Repon
to the Candian Forest Pest Control Forum, Nov. 27-28, 1979, Ottawa, Ontario.
Smirnoff. W.A. (1979c) Changes in metabolites in insects during starvation, infections or poisoning. Abstracts of papers, 9th International
Congress of Plant Protection and 71st Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society,
Washington, D.C., No. 928.
Smirnoff, W.A. (19800) Deposit asscssment of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations applied from an aircraft. CalUJdian Journal of
Microbiology 26,1364-1366.
Smimoff, W.A. (1980b) Calibration tests with various Bacillus thuringiensis preparations. Canadian Forestry Service Bi-monthly Research
Notes 36,30-31.
Smirnoff, W.A. (198Oc) Technological requirements for a successful Bacillus thuringiensis application against spruce budworm. Canadian
Forestry Service Bi-monthly Research Notes 36.29-30.
Smirnoff, W.A. (19810) Developpement d'une preparation compacte et economique de Bacillus thuringiensis pour la rl!pression de la
tordeuse des bourgeons de I'cpinetle Choristoneura fumiferana. Annales de I'ACFAS 48.203.