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46 C. H. Craig and C. C. Loan Releases and Recoveries Recommendations Table 6 A programme to supplement the natural parasitism in Lygus populations in western Canada was started in 1977 with the first collection and shipment to Ottawa of parasitoids of European Lyglls, and in 1978 with the first liberations of these in western Canada. Table 6 shows the progression of liberations in the period 1978-81 inclusive. Liberations of Peristenus spp. in alfalfa against Lygus spp. in western Canada. Date of liberation Location of liberation site 7 June 1978 9 June 1978 13 June 1978 21 June 1978 14 June 1979 21 June 1979 29 June 1979 29 May 1980 3 June 1980 10 June 1980 10 June 1980 6 June 1981 6 June 1981 ! } Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan; 50 o N; shortgrass prairie; dry Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; 52°N; mixed prairie; dry Tilley, Alberta; 50 0 30'N; shortgrass prairie; irrigated Shellbrook, Saskatchewan; 53°N; parkland-mixed forest; dry Ardath, Saskatchewan; 51°30'N; mixed prairie; dry Shellbrook, Saskatchewan (supplement to 1979 release) Saskatoon, Saskatchewan mixed prairie; irrigated Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (supplement to 1978 release) Yellow Creek, Saskatchewan; 53°N parkland; dry Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (supplement to 1980 release) Species P. digoneLltis P. digoneLltis P. digoneutis P. stygicus P. digoneLltis P. srygicus P. digoneLltis P. digoneutis P. digoneutis P. digoneutis P. digoneutis P. digoneutis Number The imported parasitoids were released into Lygus populations breeding in alfalfa fields used for seed production. The lifespan of the sites for sampling purposes is about 5 years, and during that time they are subject to normal alfalfa seed cropping practices. Intensive sampling for presence of adult Peristenus and mass collection of host nymphs for parasitoid rearing was started the year follOwing the initial liberations and continued for at least three ensuing years. In 1979-80, a total of 274 parasitoid adults, either captured at the liberation sites or reared from Lygus hosts collected from alfalfa at the liberation sites, were the native species, Peristenus pallipes. No introduced parasitoids have been recovered. The introduction and liberation of Peristenus parasitoids will terminate in the spring of 1981. During the next few years attempts will be made to recover the introduced parasitoids and to evaluate the programme. 197 177 541 41 159 23 167 261 80 138 125 115
Literature Cited Lyglls spp., 47 Bilewicz-Pawinska. T. (1969) Natural limitation of LygllS TIlgu/ipel"'is Popp. by groups of UiophTon pallipes Curtis on the rye crop fields. Ekologia /'olska, Series .. 1 17.811-815. Bilcwicz-Pawinska. T. (1975) Distribution of insect parasites l'eristellllS Foerster lind MesochoTlis Gravenhorst in Poland. Bulletin lie I'ACtldemie Polonaise des Sciences 23. 823-827. Kelton. L.A. (1975) The LygllS bugs (genus Lygus Hahn) of North America (Heteroptera: Miridac). Memoirs o/tlle Entom%gielll Society of Canada 95, 101 pp. Loan. C.C. (1965) Life cycle and development of LeiopilTonpllllipes Curtis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae. Euphorinae) in five mirid hosts in the Belleville district. Proceedi/lgs of tile ElllomologiCtlI Society of Ontario (1964) 95, 115-121. Loan. C.C. (1970) The new parasites of the tarnished plant bug in Ontario: Leioplirol/1JSlmdopallipes and Euphoriantllygivora (Hymenoptera: Braconidae. Euphorinae). Prm:eel!i'lgs af the Elllolllological Society of Olllario 100, 188-195. Loan, C.C.; Craig. C.H. (1976) Euphllrine parasitism of Lyglls spp. in lllflllfil in western CllOllda (Hymenoptera: Braconidae; Heteroptem: Miridac). NtltllTll/iste Cal/aditlll 103, 497-500.
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Biological Control Programmes again
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS Contents iii Page FOREWORD
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 50. Coleophora serratella (
Page 8 and 9: General Introduction Gcncrallntrodu
Page 10 and 11: PART I BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICU
Page 12 and 13: 4 J. S. Kelleher Table 1 to be plac
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Page 16: Blank Page 8
Page 19 and 20: Pest Status Background Chapter 4 Ag
Page 24 and 25: 16 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing vir
Page 27: Pest Status Background Chapter 6 Cu
Page 32 and 33: 24 J. A. Shemanchuk. H. C. Wisler a
Page 34 and 35: 26 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing Tab
Page 38 and 39: 30 F. L. McEwen Literature Cited Si
Page 40 and 41: 32 G. H. Gerber Recommendations Lit
Page 42 and 43: 34 H. H. Cheng Parasitoids Predator
Page 49: Pest Status Background Releases and
Page 58 and 59: 50 W. J. Turnock Table 7 Table 8 Pa
Page 61 and 62: Table 9 Mamestra configurata Walker
Page 63 and 64: Literature Cited Mamestra con/igura
Page 65 and 66: Pest Status Background Chapter 16 M
Page 67 and 68: Mtmduca qllillqllemaclliata (Hawort
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 17 Melanoplus spp., Camnula
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 18 Musca domestica L., Hous
Page 73 and 74: Pest Status Background Chapter 19 R
Page 75 and 76: Recommendations Literature Cited Ou
Page 77: Pest Status and Background Chapter
Page 82 and 83: 74 H. G. Wylie, W. J. Turnock and L
Page 85 and 86: Pest Status Background Releases and
Page 87: Pest Status Background Chapter 23 T
Page 95: Releases and Recoveries Tipilia pai
Page 98: 90 R. J. McClanahan Releases and Re
Page 101 and 102: PART II BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
Page 103 and 104: Success of the Programme Chapter 26
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Table 17 Current approaches to biol
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100 P. Harris The number of niches
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102 P. Harris The Future Literature
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Pest Status Background Chapter 27 A
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Reco
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Blank Page 112
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Pest Status Chapter 30 Carduus nuta
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118 P. Harris Table 23 Open release
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120 P. Harris Table 25 may have bee
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122 P. Harris Table 26 C. flU/ailS
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124 P. Harris Reasons for the impac
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Pest Status Chapter 31 Centaurea di
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132 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Metzn
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134 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Table
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136 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Ackno
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Blank Page 138
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140 D. P. Peschken Ceutorhynchus lI
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142 D. P. Pcschken Lema cyanella (L
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144 D. P. Peschken Table 33 continu
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Pest Status Background Releases and
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Table 35 Cirs;llm I'ulg(lre (Savi)
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The number of seeds per head vs. he
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CiTSiu11I J'lllgaTe (Savi) Ten. , 1
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Pest Status Background Biological C
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Blank Page 158
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160 P. Harris Background desirable.
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162 P. Harris Table 40 Table 41 Ope
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Table 44 Evaluation of Control Atte
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Blank Page 170
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172 P. Harris and M. Maw Releases a
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174 P. Harris and M. Maw Table 45 O
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Blank Page 178
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180 P. Harris Background Table 47 m
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182 P. Harris Recommendations Ackno
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184 M. G. Maw Discussion Recommenda
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186 M.G. Maw Background R. catharti
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188 M. G. Maw Recommendations Liter
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Pest Status Background Chapter 40 S
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Recommendations Acknowledgements Li
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Page 205:
Releases and Recoveries HyJemya sen
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Sellecio jacoba('(/ 201 Myers, 1.H.
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Pest Status Chapter 43 Sonchus arve
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Releases and Recoveries Table 51 Sc
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Sone/Ills arvensis L., 209 Skuhravd
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Pest Status Biological Control Stud
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PART III BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FORE
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216 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Sel
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218 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Tab
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220 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Eva
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222 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green lar
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224 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green abi
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Literature Cited Biological control
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Pest Status Chapter 46 Background a
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Tablc 55 continucd Adelges piceadRa
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Table 55 continued Aclelge.\· ph-e
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Pest Status Chapter 47 Choristoneur
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Literature Cited ChorislOIU'lIfCI f
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A. Field development of Bacillus Ih
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244 W. A. Smirnoffand O. N. Morris
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246 W. A. Smirnoff and O. N. Morris
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250 J. C. Cunningham and G. M. Hows
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Table 67 B. Viruses: Application an
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Literature Cited B. Viruscs: Applic
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264 G. G. Wilson, D. Tyrrell and T.
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266 G. G. Wilson. D. Tyrrrell and T
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CephaJogl)pta murinanae Bauer (Hyme
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Agria housei Shewell (Diptera: Sare
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274 I. W. Varty experimental biolog
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276 I. W. Varty Further research Li
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27R R. F. Shcphcrd and J. C. Cunnin
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Blank Page 280
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282 I. S. Otvos and F. W. Quednau C
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2M.. I. S. OtV()S and F. W. Quednau
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Background Releases and Recoveries
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Pest Status Background Chapter 51 F
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Ontario Gilpitlia Ill'rcylliae (Har
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-(I) C c::: o '';:; ::::l .c ';: 30
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302 L. P. Magasi and G. A. Van Sick
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Lymcltllria dispar (L.). 305 avian
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Table 80 Table 81 Ooenc)'rtus kuvsn
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ly
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Malacosoma disstria J-Hibner. 3/3 1
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Malam.mma disstria Hiibner, 319 Sta
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Pest Status Background Field Trial
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Pest Status Background Field Trials
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Aerial spray trials in Ontario in 1
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Table 85 Neodipriotl {ecomei (Fitch
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Pest Status Background Chapter 58 N
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Table 86 Open releases and recoveri
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PfeoIopbus ba9zonus (Grav.) (Hymeno
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340 K. J. Griffiths, J. C. Cunningh
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342 R. J. Finnegan and W. A. Smirno
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Tabl
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Pest Status Chapter 60 Operophtera
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Evaluation of Control Attempt Recom
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Pest Status Background Chapter 61 O
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Blank Page 358
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360 D. G. Embree. D. E. Elgee and G
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Blank Page 362
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366 J. C. Cunningham and R. F. Shep
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Blank Page 368
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Pristiphora erichsollii (Hartig). 3
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Releases and Recoveries Olesicampe
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376 W. G. H. Ives and J. A. Muldrew
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378 W. G. HIves and J. A. Muldrew R
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Pest Status Background Chapter 65 P
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384 F. W. Quednau Evaluation of Con
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Pest Status Chapter 66 Rhyacionia b
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Rhyaciollia blloliallll (Schiff.).
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c .2 5 :g Cij c Rhyacion;a buoliuna
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Agatbis binominata (Mues.) (Hymenop
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396 Appendix Raske, A.G., Newfoundl
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398 Index of Species Apanlt'les rub
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400 Index of Species Chrysoc/laris
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404 Index of Species lawn 85 leafy
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406 Index of Species pear 211 pecos
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408 Index of Species sibericus. Den
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