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380 W. G. H. Ives and J. A. Muldrew Maw, M.G. (1960) Notes on the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in Great Britain. Entomologist's Gazette 11,43-49. McGugan, B.M.; Coppel. H.C. (1962) Biological control of forest insects - 1910-1958. In: A review of the biological control allempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Technical Communication 2,35-127. Morris, R.F, (1955) Population studies on some small forest mammals in eastern Canada. Journal of Mammalogy 36,21-35. Muldrew, J.A. (1953) The natural immunity of the larch sawRy (Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.» to the introduced parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley, in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Zoology 31,313-332. Muldrew, J.A. (In press) Dispersal of Olesicampe benefactor Hinz, an introduced parasite of the larch sawfly. Canadian Forestry Service. Northern Forest Research Centre. Edmonton. Infonnation Report. Nairn. L.D.; Reeks. W.A.; Webb. F.E.; Hildahl, V. (1962) History of larch sawfly outbreaks and their effects on tamarack stands in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Canadwn Entomologist 94.242-255. Pschom-Walcher, H.; Zinnen. K.D. (1971) Investigations on the ecology and natural control of the larch sawRy (Pristiphora erichsonii Htg., Hym.: Tenthredinidae) in central Europe. Pan II: Natural enemies: their biology and ecology, and their role as monality factors in P. erichsonii. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Technical Bulletin 14,1-50. Thompson, L.C.; Kulman, H.M. (1976) Parasite complex of the larch sawRy in Minnesota. Environmental Entomology 5.1121-1127. Tumock, W.J. (1972) Geographical and historical variability in population pallems and life systems of the larch sawRy (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Canadian Entomologist 104,1883-1900. Turnock, W.J.; Muldrew, J.A. (1971a) Pristiphora erichsonii (Hanig), larch sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In: Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada, 1959-1968. Commonweahh Institute of Biological Control Technical Communication 4,175-194. Tumock, W.J.; Muldrew, J.A. (1971b) Parasites. In: Toward integrated control. US Depanment of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper NE-I94. Nonheastem Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. pp. 59-87. Tumock, W.J.; Muldrew, J. A. (1973) Characteristics of Bessa harveyi (Diptera: Tachinidae) suggesting the historic introduction of the larch sawfly to Nonh America. Manitoba Entomologist 6,49-53. Tumock, W.J.; Taylor, K.L.; Schroder, D.; Dahlsten, D.L. (1976) Biological control of pests of coniferous forests. In: Huffaker, C.B.; Messenger, P.S. (Eels.). Theory and practice of biological control. New York; Academic Press, pp. 289-311. Warren, G.L. (19ul) Introduction of the masked shrew to imrrove control of forest insects in Newfoundland. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Ecologica Animal Control by Habitat Management 2,185-202. Wong, H.R. (1974) The identification and origin of the strains of the larch sawRY' Pristiphora erichsonii (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in North America. Canadian Entomologist HI6.1121-1131.
Pest Status Background Chapter 65 Pristiphora geniculata (Htg. ), Mountain Ash Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) F.W. QUEDNAU The mountain-ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Hartig), is a major defoliator of mountain-ash, mainly Sorbus americana Marsh, and S. aucuparia L. These tree species have little industrial importance but are planted widely as shade and ornamental trees. The mountain-ash sawfly was accidentally introduced into the United States in 1926 (Schaffner 1936) and was first recorded in Canada in southern Quebec in 1934 (Petch 1935). Its present Canadian range is from Newfoundland to southwestern Ontario (Fig. 20). There has never been a serious outbreak. The sawfly causes noticeable and occasionaJly complete defoliation of mountain-ash, but this seldom causes mortality of the tree. To owners of such trees and to municipal park authorities, the insect is a considerable nuisance and often requires localized control by chemical methods. An account of the biology of mountain-ash sawfly in eastern Canada was given by Forbes & Daviault (1964). P. geniculata usually has one generation a year, but there may be a partial second generation depending on the climate. The decision to embark on a biological control programme in Quebec against P. geniculata was determined by the policy to reduce chemical control in urban forestry and by the success of biological control in Manitoba against the closely related larch sawfly, P. erichsonii (Htg.), on tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (Muldrew 1967, 1973). Data furnished by the CIBC European Station suggested that the ichneumonid wasp Olesicampe geniculatae Quednau & Lim, would be a primary candidate for introduction into Canada. Another parasitoid species under consideration was the ichneumonid wasp Rhorus sp. No.3. During the first years of attempts to colonize these parasitoid species in Quebec, infestation levels of mountain-ash sawfly were very low. Furthermore, in 1972 O. geniculatae was not found in sufficient numbers in Europe to warrant a shipment to Canada. However, in 1973, heavy infestations of P. geniculata occurred in several localities near Quebec City. Because of the scarcity in Europe of P. geniculata, laboratory massrearings of the sawfly were carried out in Quebec in order to obtain host material that could be sent to Europe to increase the host populations there. The rearing techniques were essentially the same as those described for the larch sawfly by Heron & Drouin (1969). In 1974 the Laurentian Forest Research Centre sent 6 000 cocoons of Canadian P. geniculata to CIBC in Switzerland and another 30 000 cocoons in 1976. This insect material was reared to the adult stage in Europe and the sawfly females were placed in plastic bags tied over branches of mountain-ash trees in the Waldviertel area in Austria, where O. geniculatae and other parasitoid species of the mountain-ash sawfly were known' to occur in significant numbers during the previous years. As a result, in 1977 large numbers of O. geniculatae and Rhorus sp. No.3 were received in Quebec. 381
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Biological Control Programmes again
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CONTENTS Contents iii Page FOREWORD
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Chapter 50. Coleophora serratella (
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General Introduction Gcncrallntrodu
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PART I BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICU
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4 J. S. Kelleher Table 1 to be plac
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Pest Status Background Chapter 4 Ag
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16 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing vir
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Pest Status Background Chapter 6 Cu
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24 J. A. Shemanchuk. H. C. Wisler a
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26 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing Tab
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30 F. L. McEwen Literature Cited Si
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32 G. H. Gerber Recommendations Lit
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34 H. H. Cheng Parasitoids Predator
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Pest Status Background Releases and
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46 C. H. Craig and C. C. Loan Relea
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50 W. J. Turnock Table 7 Table 8 Pa
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Table 9 Mamestra configurata Walker
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Literature Cited Mamestra con/igura
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Pest Status Background Chapter 16 M
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Mtmduca qllillqllemaclliata (Hawort
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Chapter 17 Melanoplus spp., Camnula
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Chapter 18 Musca domestica L., Hous
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Pest Status Background Chapter 19 R
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ou
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Pest Status and Background Chapter
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74 H. G. Wylie, W. J. Turnock and L
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Releases and Recoveries Tipilia pai
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90 R. J. McClanahan Releases and Re
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PART II BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
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Success of the Programme Chapter 26
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Table 17 Current approaches to biol
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100 P. Harris The number of niches
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102 P. Harris The Future Literature
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Pest Status Background Chapter 27 A
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Reco
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Pest Status Chapter 30 Carduus nuta
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118 P. Harris Table 23 Open release
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120 P. Harris Table 25 may have bee
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122 P. Harris Table 26 C. flU/ailS
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124 P. Harris Reasons for the impac
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Pest Status Chapter 31 Centaurea di
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132 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Metzn
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134 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Table
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136 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Ackno
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140 D. P. Peschken Ceutorhynchus lI
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142 D. P. Pcschken Lema cyanella (L
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144 D. P. Peschken Table 33 continu
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Table 35 Cirs;llm I'ulg(lre (Savi)
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The number of seeds per head vs. he
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CiTSiu11I J'lllgaTe (Savi) Ten. , 1
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Pest Status Background Biological C
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160 P. Harris Background desirable.
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162 P. Harris Table 40 Table 41 Ope
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Table 44 Evaluation of Control Atte
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172 P. Harris and M. Maw Releases a
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174 P. Harris and M. Maw Table 45 O
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180 P. Harris Background Table 47 m
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182 P. Harris Recommendations Ackno
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184 M. G. Maw Discussion Recommenda
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186 M.G. Maw Background R. catharti
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188 M. G. Maw Recommendations Liter
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Pest Status Background Chapter 40 S
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Recommendations Acknowledgements Li
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Releases and Recoveries HyJemya sen
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Sellecio jacoba('(/ 201 Myers, 1.H.
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Pest Status Chapter 43 Sonchus arve
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Releases and Recoveries Table 51 Sc
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Sone/Ills arvensis L., 209 Skuhravd
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Pest Status Biological Control Stud
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PART III BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FORE
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216 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Sel
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218 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Tab
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220 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Eva
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222 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green lar
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224 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green abi
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Literature Cited Biological control
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Pest Status Chapter 46 Background a
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Tablc 55 continucd Adelges piceadRa
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Table 55 continued Aclelge.\· ph-e
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Pest Status Chapter 47 Choristoneur
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Literature Cited ChorislOIU'lIfCI f
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A. Field development of Bacillus Ih
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244 W. A. Smirnoffand O. N. Morris
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246 W. A. Smirnoff and O. N. Morris
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250 J. C. Cunningham and G. M. Hows
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Table 67 B. Viruses: Application an
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Literature Cited B. Viruscs: Applic
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264 G. G. Wilson, D. Tyrrell and T.
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266 G. G. Wilson. D. Tyrrrell and T
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CephaJogl)pta murinanae Bauer (Hyme
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Agria housei Shewell (Diptera: Sare
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274 I. W. Varty experimental biolog
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276 I. W. Varty Further research Li
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27R R. F. Shcphcrd and J. C. Cunnin
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282 I. S. Otvos and F. W. Quednau C
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2M.. I. S. OtV()S and F. W. Quednau
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Background Releases and Recoveries
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Pest Status Background Chapter 51 F
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Ontario Gilpitlia Ill'rcylliae (Har
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-(I) C c::: o '';:; ::::l .c ';: 30
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302 L. P. Magasi and G. A. Van Sick
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Lymcltllria dispar (L.). 305 avian
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Table 80 Table 81 Ooenc)'rtus kuvsn
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ly
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Malacosoma disstria J-Hibner. 3/3 1
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Malam.mma disstria Hiibner, 319 Sta
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Pest Status Background Field Trial
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Pest Status Background Field Trials
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Aerial spray trials in Ontario in 1
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Table 85 Neodipriotl {ecomei (Fitch
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Page 345: PfeoIopbus ba9zonus (Grav.) (Hymeno
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Page 350 and 351: 342 R. J. Finnegan and W. A. Smirno
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Page 368 and 369: 360 D. G. Embree. D. E. Elgee and G
Page 374 and 375: 366 J. C. Cunningham and R. F. Shep
Page 379 and 380: Pristiphora erichsollii (Hartig). 3
Page 381 and 382: Releases and Recoveries Olesicampe
Page 384 and 385: 376 W. G. H. Ives and J. A. Muldrew
Page 386: 378 W. G. HIves and J. A. Muldrew R
Page 392: 384 F. W. Quednau Evaluation of Con
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Page 397 and 398: Rhyaciollia blloliallll (Schiff.).
Page 399 and 400: c .2 5 :g Cij c Rhyacion;a buoliuna
Page 401 and 402: Agatbis binominata (Mues.) (Hymenop
Page 404 and 405: 396 Appendix Raske, A.G., Newfoundl
Page 406 and 407: 398 Index of Species Apanlt'les rub
Page 408: 400 Index of Species Chrysoc/laris
Page 412 and 413: 404 Index of Species lawn 85 leafy
Page 414 and 415: 406 Index of Species pear 211 pecos
Page 416: 408 Index of Species sibericus. Den
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