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212 M. G. Maw
Recommendations
Literature Cited
The mullein moth, Cucullia verbasci, is considered to be a safe biological control
agent to release. However, the inherent risk in releasing any organism into newenvironmental
conditions remains and until the economic value in controlling the weed is
determined, no release should be made.
Until the loss caused by mullein has been determined, no releases of biological control
agents should be made.
Blatchley, W.S.; Leng, C.W. (1916) Rbynchophora or weevils of North Eastern America. Indianapolis; Nature Publishing Co., 682 pp.
Gross, K.L.; Werner, P.A. (1978) The biology of Canadian weeds. 28. Verboscum thopsus L. and V. blal/aria L. Canadian Journal of
Plant Science 58, 401-413.
Hatch, M.H. (1971) The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V. University of Washington Press, 662 pp.
Leonard, D.E. (1965) Atractotomus mali and Campylomma verbosci (Heteroptera: Miridae) on apples in Connecticut. Journal of
Economic Entomology 58(5),1031.
Maw, M.G. (1980) Cucullia verbose;, lin agent for the biological control of common mullein (Verboscum thapsus). Weed Science 28,
27-30.
Miotic, P. (1973) Phytophagous insects associated with weeds in central Europe. Part II. Weed Projects for Canada. Commonwealth
Institute of Biological Control Progress Report 32, 29 pp.
Pickett, A.D. (1939) The mullein (eafbug, Campylomma verbose; Meyer, as a pest of apples in Nova Scotia. Entomological Society of Ontario
Annual Report 69, 105-106.