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208 D. P. Pesch ken Evaluation of Control Attempts Recommendations Literature Cited So far no T. dilaeerata overwintered in Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan, with its thin or often non-existent snow-cover, constitutes a harsh climate for overwintering. Also suitable food for the adult flies may be scarce in spring and fall on the prairies. (1) Releases of CystipllOra sonehi and T. dilaeerata should be made and monitored in areas where S. arvensis is frequent, i.e. in Ontario and Manitoba, and the northerly areas of Ontario, Quebec. and the Prairie Provinces, and in irrigated areas where S. arvensis is a problem. (2) A study of the overwintering habits of T. dilaeerata should be made. (3) The role of seeds of S. arvensis in the propagation of existing stands and the establishment of new stands should be investigated to determine whether the establishment of seed-destroying biological control agents should be pursued. (4) The moth Celypha rosaeeana (Schlager) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the seedhead fly Contarinia sellleclllendaliana Rubs. (= soneh; Kieffer) appear to have a narrow host range and warrant screening as biological control agents. (5) The survey for S. arvensis insects should be resumed and concentrated in the northern agricultural areas of Europe, such as Sweden, Finland. and the northern areas of European and Asian USSR, where S. arvensis is frequent. Berube. D.E. (1978a) Larval descriptions and biology of Tephritis dilacerata (Dipt.: Tephritidae) a candidate for biocontrol of Sonchus arvensis in Canada. Entomophaga 23. 69-82. Berube. D.E. (1978b) The basis of host plant specificity in Tephritis dilacerata and T. formosa (Dipt.: Tephritidae). Entomophaga 23. 331-337. Boulos. L. (1961) Cytotaxonomic studies in the genus Sonchus. 3. On the cytotaxonomy and distribution of Sonchus arvensis L. Botaniska Notiser 114(1). 57-64. Bradley. J. D.; Tremewan. W.G.; Smith. A. (1979) British tortricoid moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. Vol. II. London; The Ray Society and British Museum. 320 pp. Conners. I.L. (1967) An annotated index of plant diseases in Canada. and fungi recorded on plants in Alaska. Canada and Greenland. Canadian Department of Agriculture Publication 1251.381 pp. Derscheid. L.A.; Parker. R. (1972) Thistles. Canada thistle. perennial sow-thistle. South Dakota State University Extension Fact Sheet 450. 4 pp. Frankton. D.; Mulligan. G.A. (1970) Weeds of Canada. Canadian Department of Agriculture Publication 948. 217 pp. Friesen. G.; Shebeski. L.H. (1960) Economic losses caused by weed competition in Manitoba grain fields. I. Weed species. their relative abundance and their eUeet on crop yields. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 40. 457-467. Gayed. S.K. (1978) Tobacco diseases. Canadian Department of Agriculture Publication 1641, 57 pp. Henriksen. K.L. (1944) Fortegne1se over de danske galler (zoodeccidier). Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis VI. 1-212. Holm. L.G.; Plucknett. D.L.; Pancho. J. V.; Herbcrger.J.P.(1977) Thc world's worst weeds. Honolulu; University Press of Hawaii. 609 pp. Kieffer. J.J. (1899) Enumeration des eecidies recueillies aux Petites-Dalles (Seine-Inferieure) avec description de deux Cccidomyies nouvelles. Bulletin de la Sociltl des Amis des Sciences Naturelles de Rouen. 89-105. Kutschera. L. (1960) Wurzelatlas mitteleuropiiischer Ackerunkriiuter und Kulturpllanzen. Frankfurt; DLG. 574 pp. Pesehken. D.P. (in press) Host specificity and biology of Cystiphora sonchi (Loew) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidac). a candidate for the biological control of Sonchus species. Enromophaga. Salisbury. E. (1976) Weeds and aliens. London; Collins. 384 pp. SchrOder. D. (1974) The phytophagous insects attacking Sonchus spp. (Compositae) in Europe. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Montpellier. France. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Miscellaneous Publication 8. 89-96. Shaskov. V.P.; Kokmakov. P.P.; Volkov. E.E.; Trifanova. L.F. (1977) The influence of rhizomatous weeds in spring wheat crops on the utilization of nitrogen. phosphoros and potassium. Agrokhimiya 14(3).57-59. Shetler. S.G.; Skog. L.E. (1978) A provisional checklist of species for Rora North America (Revised). Rora North America Report 84. Missouri Botanical Garden. 199 pp. Skuhrava • M.; Skuhravj. V. (1973) Gallmiicken and ihre Gallen auf Wildpllanzen. Wittenberg Lutherstadt; Ziemsen. 118 pp.
Sone/Ills arvensis L., 209 Skuhravd , M.; Skuhravy, v.: Neacsu, P. (1972) Verbreitung der Gallmiicken in Rumlinien. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift 19, 375-392. Smith, K.M. (1972) A textbook or plant virus diseases. 3rd ed., New York; Academic Press, 684 pp. Stevens, O.A. (1924) Perennial sow-thistle, growth and reproduction. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 181,44 pp. Stevens, O.A. (1926) The sow thistle. NOTlII Dakota Experiment Station Circular 32, 16 pp. Stevens, O.A. (1932) The number and weight or seeds produced by weeds. Ameriam loumal of Botany 19. 784-794. Sylven, E. (1975) Study on relationships between habits and external structures in Oligotrophidi larvae. (Diptera. Cecidomyiidae). ZoologiCD Scripta 4, 55-92. Zwiilrer, H. (1973) A survey ror weed insects in Japan. Iran and Pakistan. Weed projects for Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Progress Report 3D, 27 pp.
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Biological Control Programmes again
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CONTENTS Contents iii Page FOREWORD
Page 6 and 7:
Chapter 50. Coleophora serratella (
Page 8 and 9:
General Introduction Gcncrallntrodu
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PART I BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICU
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4 J. S. Kelleher Table 1 to be plac
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Blank Page 6
Page 16:
Blank Page 8
Page 19 and 20:
Pest Status Background Chapter 4 Ag
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Blank Page 14
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16 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing vir
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Pest Status Background Chapter 6 Cu
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Blank Page 22
Page 32 and 33:
24 J. A. Shemanchuk. H. C. Wisler a
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26 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing Tab
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Blank Page 28
Page 38 and 39:
30 F. L. McEwen Literature Cited Si
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32 G. H. Gerber Recommendations Lit
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34 H. H. Cheng Parasitoids Predator
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Blank Page 38
Page 49:
Pest Status Background Releases and
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Blank Page 44
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46 C. H. Craig and C. C. Loan Relea
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Blank Page 48
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50 W. J. Turnock Table 7 Table 8 Pa
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Table 9 Mamestra configurata Walker
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Literature Cited Mamestra con/igura
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Pest Status Background Chapter 16 M
Page 67 and 68:
Mtmduca qllillqllemaclliata (Hawort
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Chapter 17 Melanoplus spp., Camnula
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Chapter 18 Musca domestica L., Hous
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Pest Status Background Chapter 19 R
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ou
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Pest Status and Background Chapter
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Blank Page 72
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74 H. G. Wylie, W. J. Turnock and L
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Pest Status Background Chapter 23 T
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Blank Page 84
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Releases and Recoveries Tipilia pai
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90 R. J. McClanahan Releases and Re
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PART II BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
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Success of the Programme Chapter 26
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Table 17 Current approaches to biol
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100 P. Harris The number of niches
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102 P. Harris The Future Literature
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Pest Status Background Chapter 27 A
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Reco
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Blank Page 112
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Pest Status Chapter 30 Carduus nuta
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118 P. Harris Table 23 Open release
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120 P. Harris Table 25 may have bee
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122 P. Harris Table 26 C. flU/ailS
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124 P. Harris Reasons for the impac
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Pest Status Chapter 31 Centaurea di
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132 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Metzn
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134 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Table
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136 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Ackno
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Blank Page 138
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140 D. P. Peschken Ceutorhynchus lI
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142 D. P. Pcschken Lema cyanella (L
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144 D. P. Peschken Table 33 continu
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Table 35 Cirs;llm I'ulg(lre (Savi)
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The number of seeds per head vs. he
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CiTSiu11I J'lllgaTe (Savi) Ten. , 1
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Pest Status Background Biological C
Page 166 and 167: Blank Page 158
Page 168 and 169: 160 P. Harris Background desirable.
Page 170: 162 P. Harris Table 40 Table 41 Ope
Page 175 and 176: Table 44 Evaluation of Control Atte
Page 180 and 181: 172 P. Harris and M. Maw Releases a
Page 182: 174 P. Harris and M. Maw Table 45 O
Page 188 and 189: 180 P. Harris Background Table 47 m
Page 190 and 191: 182 P. Harris Recommendations Ackno
Page 192 and 193: 184 M. G. Maw Discussion Recommenda
Page 194 and 195: 186 M.G. Maw Background R. catharti
Page 196: 188 M. G. Maw Recommendations Liter
Page 199 and 200: Pest Status Background Chapter 40 S
Page 201 and 202: Recommendations Acknowledgements Li
Page 205: Releases and Recoveries HyJemya sen
Page 209 and 210: Sellecio jacoba('(/ 201 Myers, 1.H.
Page 213 and 214: Pest Status Chapter 43 Sonchus arve
Page 215: Releases and Recoveries Table 51 Sc
Page 219 and 220: Pest Status Biological Control Stud
Page 221 and 222: PART III BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FORE
Page 224 and 225: 216 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Sel
Page 226 and 227: 218 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Tab
Page 228 and 229: 220 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Eva
Page 230 and 231: 222 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green lar
Page 232: 224 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green abi
Page 235 and 236: Literature Cited Biological control
Page 237 and 238: Pest Status Chapter 46 Background a
Page 239 and 240: Tablc 55 continucd Adelges piceadRa
Page 241 and 242: Table 55 continued Aclelge.\· ph-e
Page 243 and 244: Pest Status Chapter 47 Choristoneur
Page 245 and 246: Literature Cited ChorislOIU'lIfCI f
Page 247 and 248: A. Field development of Bacillus Ih
Page 252 and 253: 244 W. A. Smirnoffand O. N. Morris
Page 254: 246 W. A. Smirnoff and O. N. Morris
Page 258 and 259: 250 J. C. Cunningham and G. M. Hows
Page 261: Table 67 B. Viruses: Application an
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Literature Cited B. Viruscs: Applic
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264 G. G. Wilson, D. Tyrrell and T.
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266 G. G. Wilson. D. Tyrrrell and T
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CephaJogl)pta murinanae Bauer (Hyme
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Agria housei Shewell (Diptera: Sare
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274 I. W. Varty experimental biolog
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276 I. W. Varty Further research Li
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27R R. F. Shcphcrd and J. C. Cunnin
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Blank Page 280
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282 I. S. Otvos and F. W. Quednau C
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2M.. I. S. OtV()S and F. W. Quednau
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Background Releases and Recoveries
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Pest Status Background Chapter 51 F
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Ontario Gilpitlia Ill'rcylliae (Har
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-(I) C c::: o '';:; ::::l .c ';: 30
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302 L. P. Magasi and G. A. Van Sick
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Lymcltllria dispar (L.). 305 avian
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Table 80 Table 81 Ooenc)'rtus kuvsn
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ly
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Malacosoma disstria J-Hibner. 3/3 1
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Malam.mma disstria Hiibner, 319 Sta
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Pest Status Background Field Trial
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Pest Status Background Field Trials
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Aerial spray trials in Ontario in 1
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Table 85 Neodipriotl {ecomei (Fitch
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Pest Status Background Chapter 58 N
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Table 86 Open releases and recoveri
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PfeoIopbus ba9zonus (Grav.) (Hymeno
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340 K. J. Griffiths, J. C. Cunningh
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342 R. J. Finnegan and W. A. Smirno
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Tabl
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Pest Status Chapter 60 Operophtera
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Evaluation of Control Attempt Recom
Page 361 and 362:
Pest Status Background Chapter 61 O
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Blank Page 358
Page 368 and 369:
360 D. G. Embree. D. E. Elgee and G
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Blank Page 362
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366 J. C. Cunningham and R. F. Shep
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Blank Page 368
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Pristiphora erichsollii (Hartig). 3
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Releases and Recoveries Olesicampe
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376 W. G. H. Ives and J. A. Muldrew
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378 W. G. HIves and J. A. Muldrew R
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Pest Status Background Chapter 65 P
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384 F. W. Quednau Evaluation of Con
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Pest Status Chapter 66 Rhyacionia b
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Rhyaciollia blloliallll (Schiff.).
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c .2 5 :g Cij c Rhyacion;a buoliuna
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Agatbis binominata (Mues.) (Hymenop
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396 Appendix Raske, A.G., Newfoundl
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398 Index of Species Apanlt'les rub
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400 Index of Species Chrysoc/laris
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404 Index of Species lawn 85 leafy
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406 Index of Species pear 211 pecos
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408 Index of Species sibericus. Den
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