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Literature Cited
Orgyia psellClolsllgata (McDunnough). 367
virus has been applied in the same manner as a chemical pesticide. Although adequate
control has been achieved, the material is too scarce and too costly to be applied in this
way. Alternative methods should be investigated, such as seeding the NPV into the
insect population. This could be tested by spraying widely spaced swaths to give partial
coverage of the infested forest. Spread of the disease would then be relied on to regulate
the Douglas·fir tussock moth population.
Among the few viruses currently being developed as biological control agents of
forest insect pests in Canada, Douglas.fir tussock moth NPVs have proved to be
effective pest management tools. Further testing and an attempt to register MNPV in
Canada for operational use are strongly advocated. Improved production methods,
lower dosage rates, and different strategies for its use may reduce the cost of treatment
and make MNPV more attractive to forest managers.
Furtht!r efficacy trials with B.t. may be warranted, as better strains and improved
application technology become available. This work, however, should have lower
priority than the virus work described above.
Abbott, W.S. (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18.265-267.
Hughes, K.M.; Addison. R.B. (1970) Two nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of the Douglas·fir tussock moth. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
16,196-294.
I1nytzky, S.; McPhee. J.R.; Cunningham. J.C. (19n) Comparison of field'propagated nuclear polyhedrosis virus from Douglas-fir tussock
moth with laboratory-produced virus. Canadian Department of Fisherits and Forts"y Bi-monthly
Research Notts 33(1).5-6.
Johnson. P.C.; Ross. D.A. (1967) Douglas-fir tussock moth. Hemerocampa (Orgyia) pseudotsugata McDunnough. In: Davidson. A.G.;
Prentice. R.M. (Camps. and Eds.) Important forest insects and diseases of mutual concern to Canada. the
United States and Mexico. Onawa; Canadian Department of Forestry and Rural Development. pp.
105-107.
Morris. O.N. (1963) The natural and artificial control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough. by a nuclear
polyhedrosis virus. Journal of Insect Pathology 5.401-414.
Shepherd, R.F. (Ed.) (1980) Operational field trials against Douglas-fir tussock moth with chemical and biological insecticides. Canadian
Forestry Service. Victoria. British Columbia. Information Report BC-X-201. 19 pp.
Stelzer. M.; Neisess. J.; Cunningham. J.C.; McPhee. J.R. (1m) Field evaluation of baculovirus stocks against Douglas-fir tussock moth in
British Columbia. Journal of Economic Entomology 70.243-246.
Sterner. T.E.; Davidson. A .G. (camp.) (1981) Forest insect and disease conditions in Canada 1980. Canadian Fortslry Service Forest Insect and
Disease Survey. 43 pp.
Sugden, B.A. (1957) A brief history of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McD., in British Columbia. Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 54.37-39.