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232 H. O. Schooley. J.W.E. Harris and B. Pendrel Tahlc 55 continucd Year of Species and province Year Origin Number recovery 1960 Germany 8228 1961 1961 Germany 1 118 1963 1962 Germany 7940 1964 1963 Germany 1869 1965 Newfoundland via Europe 1984 1966 1964 Germany 1819 1968 Newfoundland via Europe 300 1965 Germany 152 Nova Scotia 1966 Germany 2575 1967 New Brunswick 1960 Germany 14266 1958-68 1966 Germany 3497 1958-68 British Columbia 1960 Germany 800 1962-65 1961 Germany 1432 1978 1963 Germany 4871 1966,74 1965 Germany 612 1968 Germany 3164 1969,71,74 Leucopis (Leucopis) n. sp. or. 'melanopus'Tanasijtshuk* Newfoundland 1959 Germany 160 1959-62 1968 Germany 1040 New Brunswick 1960 Germany 166 1958-68 1966 Germany 241 British Columbia 1968 Germany 2273 Leucopis (Neoleucopis) obscura Holiday Newfoundland 1965 Austria 24 1959-68 Leucopis (Neolellcopis) alralula Ratz. New Brunswick 1965 Germany 385 Pul/us impexus (Mulsant) Newfoundland 1959 Germany 9500 1960 Germany 1 146 1960 1961 Germany 131 1961 1966 Germany 18036 Nova Scotia 1963 Germany 1000 1965-67 1964 Germany 2031 1965-67 1966 Germany 4700 1965-67 New Brunswick 1962 Germany 685 1958-59 1963 Germany 397 1958-59 1964 Germany 200 1958-59 1966 Germany 26550 1958-59 British Columbia 1960 Germany 1240 1961 1963 Germany 1400 1965 Germany 2417 1966 Germany 18513 1968 Germany 2079 1969,71.74.78
Table 55 continued Aclelge.\· ph-elle (Ratz.). 233 Year of Species and province Year Origin Number recovery Scymnus pumilio (Weise) Newfoundland 1960 Australia 9687 New Brunswick 1959 Australia 5590 1960 Australia 7286 British Columbia 1960 Australia 2930 Telraphleps abdulghani Ghauri Nova Scotia 1965 Pakistan 949 New Brunswick 1962 Pakistan 1972 1963 Pakistan I 157 1964 Pakistan 45 1965 India 278 Pakistan 2921 British Columbia 1965 India 19 Pakistan 1257 Tetraphleps raoi Ghauri Nova Scotia 1965 India 59 New Brunswick 1965 India 59 • Species 'M'. Attempts to control the adelgid with contact or systemic insecticides have been unsuccessful. Several insecticides tested proved suitable for ornamental and nursery applications where it was possible to saturate infested trees with chemical solutions. However, not one of the 51 insecticides used in laboratory and greenhouse experiments caused acceptable levels of adelgid mortality under field conditions (Nigam 1972, 1976). Recently, some success has been obtained in controlling adelgids on individual trees with insecticidal soaps (Puritch 1975). These chemicals are expected to be useful only for ornamental and nursery applications. There are no known insect parasites of the balsam woolly adelgid but several fungal diseases have been reported. including Fllsarium larvaTllm Forbel and Cephalosporium coccoTllm Petch found in the Gaspe region of Quebec (Smirnoff 1970), Cephalosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. found in British Columbia (Harriset al. 1966), and F. nivale (Fries) Cesati found on adelgids in North Carolina. USA (Fedde 1971). Greenhouse and field experiments with the diseases from Quebec have been unsuccessful. The potential of organisms from other locations as natural control agents remains unknown. Failure to control the balsam woolly adelgid is viewed with special concern in Atlantic Canada. In Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, balsam fir stands are usually damaged before reaching a marketable size. On the island of Newfoundland, spectacular and unprecedented mortality of balsam fir has occurred on an accelerated scale in stands where adelgid attack has been followed by severe spruce budworm defoliation (Schooley 1981). In affected areas. stand conversion. i.e. the replacement of balsam fir with other tree species, is being conducted on a large scale. Black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., is the favoured alternate species but white spruce. P. glauca (Moench) Voss, eastern larch. Larix larici"a (Du Roi) K. Koch. and hybrid larch species are being considered.
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Biological Control Programmes again
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CONTENTS Contents iii Page FOREWORD
Page 6 and 7:
Chapter 50. Coleophora serratella (
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General Introduction Gcncrallntrodu
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PART I BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICU
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4 J. S. Kelleher Table 1 to be plac
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Page 19 and 20:
Pest Status Background Chapter 4 Ag
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16 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing vir
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Pest Status Background Chapter 6 Cu
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24 J. A. Shemanchuk. H. C. Wisler a
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26 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing Tab
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30 F. L. McEwen Literature Cited Si
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32 G. H. Gerber Recommendations Lit
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34 H. H. Cheng Parasitoids Predator
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Blank Page 38
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Pest Status Background Releases and
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46 C. H. Craig and C. C. Loan Relea
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Blank Page 48
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50 W. J. Turnock Table 7 Table 8 Pa
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Table 9 Mamestra configurata Walker
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Literature Cited Mamestra con/igura
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Pest Status Background Chapter 16 M
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Mtmduca qllillqllemaclliata (Hawort
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Chapter 17 Melanoplus spp., Camnula
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Chapter 18 Musca domestica L., Hous
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Pest Status Background Chapter 19 R
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ou
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Pest Status and Background Chapter
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74 H. G. Wylie, W. J. Turnock and L
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Pest Status Background Chapter 23 T
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Blank Page 84
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Releases and Recoveries Tipilia pai
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90 R. J. McClanahan Releases and Re
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PART II BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
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Success of the Programme Chapter 26
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Table 17 Current approaches to biol
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100 P. Harris The number of niches
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102 P. Harris The Future Literature
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Pest Status Background Chapter 27 A
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Reco
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Blank Page 112
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Pest Status Chapter 30 Carduus nuta
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118 P. Harris Table 23 Open release
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120 P. Harris Table 25 may have bee
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122 P. Harris Table 26 C. flU/ailS
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124 P. Harris Reasons for the impac
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Pest Status Chapter 31 Centaurea di
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132 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Metzn
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134 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Table
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136 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Ackno
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Blank Page 138
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140 D. P. Peschken Ceutorhynchus lI
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142 D. P. Pcschken Lema cyanella (L
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144 D. P. Peschken Table 33 continu
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Table 35 Cirs;llm I'ulg(lre (Savi)
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The number of seeds per head vs. he
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CiTSiu11I J'lllgaTe (Savi) Ten. , 1
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Pest Status Background Biological C
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Blank Page 158
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160 P. Harris Background desirable.
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162 P. Harris Table 40 Table 41 Ope
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Table 44 Evaluation of Control Atte
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Blank Page 170
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172 P. Harris and M. Maw Releases a
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174 P. Harris and M. Maw Table 45 O
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Blank Page 178
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180 P. Harris Background Table 47 m
Page 190 and 191: 182 P. Harris Recommendations Ackno
Page 192 and 193: 184 M. G. Maw Discussion Recommenda
Page 194 and 195: 186 M.G. Maw Background R. catharti
Page 196: 188 M. G. Maw Recommendations Liter
Page 199 and 200: Pest Status Background Chapter 40 S
Page 201 and 202: Recommendations Acknowledgements Li
Page 205: Releases and Recoveries HyJemya sen
Page 209 and 210: Sellecio jacoba('(/ 201 Myers, 1.H.
Page 213 and 214: Pest Status Chapter 43 Sonchus arve
Page 215 and 216: Releases and Recoveries Table 51 Sc
Page 217 and 218: Sone/Ills arvensis L., 209 Skuhravd
Page 219 and 220: Pest Status Biological Control Stud
Page 221 and 222: PART III BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FORE
Page 224 and 225: 216 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Sel
Page 226 and 227: 218 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Tab
Page 228 and 229: 220 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Eva
Page 230 and 231: 222 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green lar
Page 232: 224 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green abi
Page 235 and 236: Literature Cited Biological control
Page 237 and 238: Pest Status Chapter 46 Background a
Page 239: Tablc 55 continucd Adelges piceadRa
Page 243 and 244: Pest Status Chapter 47 Choristoneur
Page 245 and 246: Literature Cited ChorislOIU'lIfCI f
Page 247 and 248: A. Field development of Bacillus Ih
Page 252 and 253: 244 W. A. Smirnoffand O. N. Morris
Page 254: 246 W. A. Smirnoff and O. N. Morris
Page 258 and 259: 250 J. C. Cunningham and G. M. Hows
Page 261: Table 67 B. Viruses: Application an
Page 267: Literature Cited B. Viruscs: Applic
Page 272 and 273: 264 G. G. Wilson, D. Tyrrell and T.
Page 274 and 275: 266 G. G. Wilson. D. Tyrrrell and T
Page 277 and 278: CephaJogl)pta murinanae Bauer (Hyme
Page 279 and 280: Agria housei Shewell (Diptera: Sare
Page 282 and 283: 274 I. W. Varty experimental biolog
Page 284 and 285: 276 I. W. Varty Further research Li
Page 286 and 287: 27R R. F. Shcphcrd and J. C. Cunnin
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282 I. S. Otvos and F. W. Quednau C
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2M.. I. S. OtV()S and F. W. Quednau
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Background Releases and Recoveries
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Pest Status Background Chapter 51 F
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Ontario Gilpitlia Ill'rcylliae (Har
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-(I) C c::: o '';:; ::::l .c ';: 30
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302 L. P. Magasi and G. A. Van Sick
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Lymcltllria dispar (L.). 305 avian
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Table 80 Table 81 Ooenc)'rtus kuvsn
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ly
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Malacosoma disstria J-Hibner. 3/3 1
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Malam.mma disstria Hiibner, 319 Sta
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Pest Status Background Field Trial
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Pest Status Background Field Trials
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Aerial spray trials in Ontario in 1
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Table 85 Neodipriotl {ecomei (Fitch
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Pest Status Background Chapter 58 N
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Table 86 Open releases and recoveri
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PfeoIopbus ba9zonus (Grav.) (Hymeno
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340 K. J. Griffiths, J. C. Cunningh
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342 R. J. Finnegan and W. A. Smirno
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Tabl
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Pest Status Chapter 60 Operophtera
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Evaluation of Control Attempt Recom
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Pest Status Background Chapter 61 O
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Blank Page 358
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360 D. G. Embree. D. E. Elgee and G
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Blank Page 362
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366 J. C. Cunningham and R. F. Shep
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Blank Page 368
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Pristiphora erichsollii (Hartig). 3
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Releases and Recoveries Olesicampe
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376 W. G. H. Ives and J. A. Muldrew
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378 W. G. HIves and J. A. Muldrew R
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Pest Status Background Chapter 65 P
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384 F. W. Quednau Evaluation of Con
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Pest Status Chapter 66 Rhyacionia b
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Rhyaciollia blloliallll (Schiff.).
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c .2 5 :g Cij c Rhyacion;a buoliuna
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Agatbis binominata (Mues.) (Hymenop
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396 Appendix Raske, A.G., Newfoundl
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398 Index of Species Apanlt'les rub
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400 Index of Species Chrysoc/laris
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404 Index of Species lawn 85 leafy
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406 Index of Species pear 211 pecos
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408 Index of Species sibericus. Den
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