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30 F. L. McEwen
Literature Cited
Since rearing facilities for continuing field releases at the 1974 and 1975 levels were
no longer available, the release portion of the programme was curtailed in subsequent
years and efforts concentrated on learning more about the field ecology of wild and
released flies, studying mating habits and determining a release procedure in which
bird predation would not be such an important negative factor on the programme.
These studies have demonstrated that the pupae can be released by air or as adults by
air and, hopefully, will not be so subject to predation as ground release of pupae in
designated sites. It has been shown also that the female fly mates only once (Martin
1981) and that in the field, much of the survival of third generation larvae to
overwintering pupae results from cull and volunteer onions left in the field after
harvest. Thus fall sanitation is an essential component in a programme to reduce onion
maggot populations.
Future plans are to release approximately 100 000 000 sterilized flies in an isolated
onion-growing area containing about 300 ha of onions in each of the years 1982 and
1983. To accommodate this, a new biological control laboratory has been built at the
University of Guelph with major facilities and space for mass rearing the onion
maggot. These releases will be closely monitored and serve as a demonstration project
to determine the feasibility of the sterile-male method of control. If successful on the
limited area chosen, the programme will be expanded to the major onion areas in
Ontario.
Finlayson, D.G. (1959) Chemical control of the onion maggot in onions grown from seed in various types of soil in Northwestern America in
1955-56. Journal of Economic Entomology 52, 851-856.
Harris, C.R.; Svec, H. (1976) Onion maggot resistance to insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 69, 617-620.
King, D.L.J. (1973) An economic appraisal of the sterile-male technique of onion maggot control on the Holland Marsh of Ontario. M.Sc.
Thesis, University of Guelph, 176 pp.
Knipling, E.F. (1960) The eradication of the screw-worm Oy. Scientific American 203, 54-61.
Loosjes, M. (1976) Ecology and genetic control of the onion Oy Delia antiqua Meigen. Wageningen, PUDOC; 94 pp.
Martin, J.S. (1981) Mating beha\;our of the onion maggot Oy Hylemya antiqua (Meigen) in laboratory conditions. M.Sc. Thesis, University
of Guelph, 43 pp.
McCIanaham, R.J.; Simmons, H.S.(1966) Sterilization of onion maggots by irradiation with cesium-137. Canadian Entomologist 98, 931-935.
Noordink, J.Ph.W. (1971) Irradiation, competitiveness, and the use of radioisotopes in sterile-male studies with the onion Oy, Hylemya
antiqua M. In: Sterility principle forinsect control or eradication. International Aromic Energy:Agency,
232-328.
Noordink, J.Ph.W. (1974) Onderzoek met behulp van radiactivc isotopen. Jaarversl. 1973. Mededelingen Instituut voor Plantenziektenkundig
Onderzoek, Wageningen, 119-121.
Ticheler, J.; Loosjes, M.; Noordink, J.Ph. W.; Noorlandcr, J.; Theunissen, J. (1974) Field experiments with the release of sterilized onion
Dies Hylemya antiqua (Meig.). In: The sterile-insect technique and its field of applications International
Atomic Energy Agency, 103-107.