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Chapter 50. Coleophora serratella (L.), Birch Casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) Chapter 51. Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier), Birch Leafminer (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Chapter 52. Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig), European Spruce Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) Chapter 53. Leucoma sa/icis (L.), Satin Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Chapter 54. Lymantria dispar (L.), Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Chapter 55. Malacosoma disstria HObner, Forest Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Chapter 56. Neodiprion abietis (Harris), Balsam Fir Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) Chapter 57. Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch), Redheaded Pine Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) Chapter 58. Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy), European Pine Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) Chapter 59. Neodiprion swainei (Middleton), Swaine Jack Pine Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) Chapter 60. Operophtera bruceata (Hulst), Bruce Span worm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Chapter 61. Operophtera brumata (L.), Winter Moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Chapter 62. Orgyia leucostigma (J.E. Smith), Whitemarked Tussock Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Chapter 63. Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), Douglas-fir Tussock Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Chapter 64. Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), Larch Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Chapter 65. Pristiphora geniculata (Hartig), Mountain-ash Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Chapter 66. Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), European Pine Shoot Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) APPENDIX - Addresses of contributors INDEX OF SPECIES Contents v 285 291 295 299 303 311 321 323 331 341 349 353 359 363 369 381 387 395 397
Foreword Foreword vii The CIBC Technical Communication series was initiated to provide an outlet for regional reviews on biological control. This review, the 8th in the series and the 3rd prepared by Canadian scientists, points to the importance which Canada attaches to biological control and reflects the volume of Canadian activity in this field. Canada continues to support an active classical biological control programme, relying on the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control to undertake most of its foreign exploration and research. The collection and redistribution of natural enemies successfully established earlier to hasten control has continued. However, the current volume indicates an acceptance of biological control in its wider context as a component, albeit a very important one, of integrated pest management. Increasing attention and interest are being focused on other biological control approaches, i.e., augmentative and inundative releases as well as amelioration of the environment. The value of food plants or nectar sources for adult parasitoids has been demonstrated. To date, augmentative and inundative releases in Canada have involved pathogens, both introduced and native, rather than parasitoids or predators. The period under review has seen the implementation, by large field trials, of microbial control, utilizing both bacterial and viral preparations for the control of forestry pests. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis has involved the large-scale production of "tailor-made" formulations by the agro-chemical industry and provides a preferred, although more expensive, alternative to the former wide-scale use of chemical pesticides for the control of spruce budworms. B.thuringiensis is fully registered as a pesticide in Canada for use against several lepidopteran defoliators. Similarly, research on viruses of neodiprionid sawflies has led to practical field application, with some degree of carry-over from year to year. The first book reported introductions of control agents against two weeds; the second reviewed attempts against four additional species or species complexes whereas in the present volume, thirty agents have now been released against fourteen weed species in Canada. Increasing efforts have been made to evaluate or quantify the gains which have been or might be derived from biological control of weeds. The book is timely; by its preparation, scientists and administrators can take stock of achievements to date and thus will be better placed to plan for the future. As M.A. Hulme and G.A. Green point out, the scope for research opportunities is limited not by lack of suitable problems but by the resources available to devote to biological control. The economic climate in Canada, as elsewhere, dictates that emphasis be given to developing management strategies for the pests causing the greatest economic losses and, as pointed out by Dr. P. Harris, proposals for future funding for biological control must, in order to convince administrators to release funds, provide quantitive assessment of the losses inflicted by the target pest or weed and thereby demonstrate the financial benefit which will result if the project is successful. This book attempts to provide an evaluation of each control attempt, and administrators and scientists now should be in a good position to plan for the future. F.D. Bennett Director Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control
Page 2 and 3: Biological Control Programmes again
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS Contents iii Page FOREWORD
Page 8 and 9: General Introduction Gcncrallntrodu
Page 10 and 11: PART I BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICU
Page 12 and 13: 4 J. S. Kelleher Table 1 to be plac
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Page 19 and 20: Pest Status Background Chapter 4 Ag
Page 24 and 25: 16 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing vir
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Page 32 and 33: 24 J. A. Shemanchuk. H. C. Wisler a
Page 34 and 35: 26 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing Tab
Page 38 and 39: 30 F. L. McEwen Literature Cited Si
Page 40 and 41: 32 G. H. Gerber Recommendations Lit
Page 42 and 43: 34 H. H. Cheng Parasitoids Predator
Page 49: Pest Status Background Releases and
Page 54 and 55: 46 C. H. Craig and C. C. Loan Relea
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Blank Page 48
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50 W. J. Turnock Table 7 Table 8 Pa
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Table 9 Mamestra configurata Walker
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Literature Cited Mamestra con/igura
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Pest Status Background Chapter 16 M
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Mtmduca qllillqllemaclliata (Hawort
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Chapter 17 Melanoplus spp., Camnula
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Chapter 18 Musca domestica L., Hous
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Pest Status Background Chapter 19 R
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ou
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Pest Status and Background Chapter
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74 H. G. Wylie, W. J. Turnock and L
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Pest Status Background Releases and
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Pest Status Background Chapter 23 T
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Releases and Recoveries Tipilia pai
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90 R. J. McClanahan Releases and Re
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PART II BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
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Success of the Programme Chapter 26
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Table 17 Current approaches to biol
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100 P. Harris The number of niches
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102 P. Harris The Future Literature
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Pest Status Background Chapter 27 A
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Reco
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Blank Page 112
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Pest Status Chapter 30 Carduus nuta
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118 P. Harris Table 23 Open release
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120 P. Harris Table 25 may have bee
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122 P. Harris Table 26 C. flU/ailS
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124 P. Harris Reasons for the impac
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Pest Status Chapter 31 Centaurea di
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132 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Metzn
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134 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Table
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136 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Ackno
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Blank Page 138
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140 D. P. Peschken Ceutorhynchus lI
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142 D. P. Pcschken Lema cyanella (L
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144 D. P. Peschken Table 33 continu
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Pest Status Background Releases and
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Table 35 Cirs;llm I'ulg(lre (Savi)
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The number of seeds per head vs. he
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CiTSiu11I J'lllgaTe (Savi) Ten. , 1
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Pest Status Background Biological C
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Blank Page 158
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160 P. Harris Background desirable.
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162 P. Harris Table 40 Table 41 Ope
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Table 44 Evaluation of Control Atte
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172 P. Harris and M. Maw Releases a
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174 P. Harris and M. Maw Table 45 O
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180 P. Harris Background Table 47 m
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182 P. Harris Recommendations Ackno
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184 M. G. Maw Discussion Recommenda
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186 M.G. Maw Background R. catharti
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188 M. G. Maw Recommendations Liter
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Pest Status Background Chapter 40 S
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Recommendations Acknowledgements Li
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Releases and Recoveries HyJemya sen
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Sellecio jacoba('(/ 201 Myers, 1.H.
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Pest Status Chapter 43 Sonchus arve
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Releases and Recoveries Table 51 Sc
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Sone/Ills arvensis L., 209 Skuhravd
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Pest Status Biological Control Stud
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PART III BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FORE
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216 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Sel
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218 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Tab
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220 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Eva
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222 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green lar
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224 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green abi
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Literature Cited Biological control
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Pest Status Chapter 46 Background a
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Tablc 55 continucd Adelges piceadRa
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Table 55 continued Aclelge.\· ph-e
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Pest Status Chapter 47 Choristoneur
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Literature Cited ChorislOIU'lIfCI f
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A. Field development of Bacillus Ih
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244 W. A. Smirnoffand O. N. Morris
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246 W. A. Smirnoff and O. N. Morris
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250 J. C. Cunningham and G. M. Hows
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Table 67 B. Viruses: Application an
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Literature Cited B. Viruscs: Applic
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264 G. G. Wilson, D. Tyrrell and T.
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266 G. G. Wilson. D. Tyrrrell and T
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CephaJogl)pta murinanae Bauer (Hyme
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Agria housei Shewell (Diptera: Sare
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274 I. W. Varty experimental biolog
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276 I. W. Varty Further research Li
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27R R. F. Shcphcrd and J. C. Cunnin
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Blank Page 280
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282 I. S. Otvos and F. W. Quednau C
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2M.. I. S. OtV()S and F. W. Quednau
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Background Releases and Recoveries
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Pest Status Background Chapter 51 F
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Ontario Gilpitlia Ill'rcylliae (Har
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-(I) C c::: o '';:; ::::l .c ';: 30
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302 L. P. Magasi and G. A. Van Sick
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Lymcltllria dispar (L.). 305 avian
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Table 80 Table 81 Ooenc)'rtus kuvsn
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ly
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Malacosoma disstria J-Hibner. 3/3 1
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Malam.mma disstria Hiibner, 319 Sta
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Pest Status Background Field Trial
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Pest Status Background Field Trials
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Aerial spray trials in Ontario in 1
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Table 85 Neodipriotl {ecomei (Fitch
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Pest Status Background Chapter 58 N
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Table 86 Open releases and recoveri
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PfeoIopbus ba9zonus (Grav.) (Hymeno
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340 K. J. Griffiths, J. C. Cunningh
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342 R. J. Finnegan and W. A. Smirno
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Tabl
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Pest Status Chapter 60 Operophtera
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Evaluation of Control Attempt Recom
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Pest Status Background Chapter 61 O
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Blank Page 358
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360 D. G. Embree. D. E. Elgee and G
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366 J. C. Cunningham and R. F. Shep
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Blank Page 368
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Pristiphora erichsollii (Hartig). 3
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Releases and Recoveries Olesicampe
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376 W. G. H. Ives and J. A. Muldrew
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378 W. G. HIves and J. A. Muldrew R
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Pest Status Background Chapter 65 P
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384 F. W. Quednau Evaluation of Con
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Pest Status Chapter 66 Rhyacionia b
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Rhyaciollia blloliallll (Schiff.).
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c .2 5 :g Cij c Rhyacion;a buoliuna
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Agatbis binominata (Mues.) (Hymenop
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396 Appendix Raske, A.G., Newfoundl
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398 Index of Species Apanlt'les rub
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400 Index of Species Chrysoc/laris
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404 Index of Species lawn 85 leafy
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406 Index of Species pear 211 pecos
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408 Index of Species sibericus. Den
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