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266 G. G. Wilson. D. Tyrrrell and T. J. Ennis Vandenberg, J.D.; Soper, R.S. (1979) A bioassay technique for Entomophthora sphaerosperma on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 33,148-154. Wilson, G.G. (l977a) The effects of feeding microsporidian (Nosema fumiferanae) spores to naturally infected spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana). Canadian Journal of Zoology 55,249-250. Wilson. G.G. (l977b) OhselVations on the incidence rates of Nosema fiuniferOlUle(microsporidia) in a spruce budwonn. ChoristoTU!ura fumiferana. (Lepidoptem: Tortricidae) population. Proceedings of Iile Entomological Sociely of Ontario 108,144-145. Wilson, G.G. (1980) Persistence of microsporidia in populations ofthe spruce budworm and forest tent caterpillar. Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Information Report FPM-X-39. Wilson, G.G. (1981) The potential of Pleistophora schubergi in microbial control afforest insects. Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Information Report FPM-X-49.
Background Table 73 D. Testing of Parasitoids I.W. VARTY D. Testing of parasitoids 267 The two strategies for biological control of the spruce budwonn, CJwristoneura fwniferatUl (Clem.), by parasitoids are the introduction of exotic species and the manipulation of native ones. Most entomologists agree that the best prospects for introduction are those species that parasitize Choristoneura spp. (or near relatives) in spruce (Picea spp.) and fir (Abies spp.) forests in similar climatic zones abroad. The problem is to be ready for opportunities in those few years when pest outbreaks overseas permit sizeable collections of candidate parasitoids. The manipulation of native parasitoids offers two other avenues for action: inundative release of laboratory-reared stock, and management of forest habitats to favour the dynamics of parasitoid response to available hosts. Efforts to establish exotic parasitoids in spruce budworm populations of eastern Canada have not succeeded. In 1944-53, large numbers of four species (two tachinids, one sarcophagid, and one ichneumonoid) from unidentified western spruce budworms (British Columbia) were released at various sites from Manitoba to Newfoundland. In 1948-56, 12 ichneumonoid species from European hosts, especially Choristoneura murinana (Hb.) (France, Germany, Czechoslovakia), were released in small numbers in northwestern Ontario and Quebec. No evidence of the establishment of any introduced species has been produced (McGugan & CoppeI1962), and there were no explanations of the causes of failure. Interest in further introductions was inhibited by these failures and by lack of sources of parasitoids abroad. However, during the 1960s unsuccessful efforts were made to obtain three ichneumonoids specific to C. murinana (Miller & Angus 1971). Interest was renewed when an outbreak of Choristoneura diversana (Hb.) on Japanese (todo) fir (Abies firma Sieb & Zucc.) in Hokkaido, Japan, occurred in the late 1960s. Collaboration among four institutes (Hokkaido Forest Experimental Station, Maritimes Forest Research Centre, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, and the Agriculture Canada Research Station at Belleville, Ontario) resulted in the shipment of parasitoids by air from Japan to New Brunswick in 1970-75 (Tables 73 and 74). Further, a small collection of parasitoids from C. murinana in Czechoslovakia was shipped to New Brunswick in 1972. These introductions are detailed below. In the early 1970s, the theory that spruce budworm epidemics may start in isolated local epicentres led to interest in methods of quelling incipient outbreaks over small areas. At the Laurentian Forest Research Centre this interest developed into a research study of the native egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Ril., as a candidate for inundative release, now briefly reported. As pressure to find a biological alternative to Open releases and recoveries of parasitoids against Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) Year of Species and province Year Origin Number recovery Agria housei Shewell 1971 Ontario (laboratory 2800 1971 New Brunswick culture) (14 adults) Nil in 1972-73 Lissonota sp. 1973 Japan 59 Nil in 1974 New Brunswick
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Biological Control Programmes again
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CONTENTS Contents iii Page FOREWORD
Page 6 and 7:
Chapter 50. Coleophora serratella (
Page 8 and 9:
General Introduction Gcncrallntrodu
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PART I BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICU
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4 J. S. Kelleher Table 1 to be plac
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Page 19 and 20:
Pest Status Background Chapter 4 Ag
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16 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing vir
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Pest Status Background Chapter 6 Cu
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24 J. A. Shemanchuk. H. C. Wisler a
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26 R. P. Jaques and J. E. Laing Tab
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Page 38 and 39:
30 F. L. McEwen Literature Cited Si
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32 G. H. Gerber Recommendations Lit
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34 H. H. Cheng Parasitoids Predator
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Blank Page 38
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Pest Status Background Releases and
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46 C. H. Craig and C. C. Loan Relea
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Blank Page 48
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50 W. J. Turnock Table 7 Table 8 Pa
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Table 9 Mamestra configurata Walker
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Literature Cited Mamestra con/igura
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Pest Status Background Chapter 16 M
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Mtmduca qllillqllemaclliata (Hawort
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Chapter 17 Melanoplus spp., Camnula
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Chapter 18 Musca domestica L., Hous
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Pest Status Background Chapter 19 R
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Recommendations Literature Cited Ou
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Pest Status and Background Chapter
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74 H. G. Wylie, W. J. Turnock and L
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Pest Status Background Chapter 23 T
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Blank Page 84
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Releases and Recoveries Tipilia pai
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90 R. J. McClanahan Releases and Re
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PART II BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
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Success of the Programme Chapter 26
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Table 17 Current approaches to biol
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100 P. Harris The number of niches
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102 P. Harris The Future Literature
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Pest Status Background Chapter 27 A
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Reco
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Blank Page 112
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Pest Status Chapter 30 Carduus nuta
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118 P. Harris Table 23 Open release
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120 P. Harris Table 25 may have bee
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122 P. Harris Table 26 C. flU/ailS
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124 P. Harris Reasons for the impac
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Pest Status Chapter 31 Centaurea di
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132 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Metzn
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134 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Table
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136 P. Harris and J. H. Myers Ackno
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Blank Page 138
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140 D. P. Peschken Ceutorhynchus lI
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142 D. P. Pcschken Lema cyanella (L
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144 D. P. Peschken Table 33 continu
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Table 35 Cirs;llm I'ulg(lre (Savi)
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The number of seeds per head vs. he
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CiTSiu11I J'lllgaTe (Savi) Ten. , 1
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Pest Status Background Biological C
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Blank Page 158
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160 P. Harris Background desirable.
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162 P. Harris Table 40 Table 41 Ope
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Table 44 Evaluation of Control Atte
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Blank Page 170
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172 P. Harris and M. Maw Releases a
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174 P. Harris and M. Maw Table 45 O
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Blank Page 178
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180 P. Harris Background Table 47 m
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182 P. Harris Recommendations Ackno
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184 M. G. Maw Discussion Recommenda
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186 M.G. Maw Background R. catharti
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188 M. G. Maw Recommendations Liter
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Pest Status Background Chapter 40 S
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Recommendations Acknowledgements Li
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Releases and Recoveries HyJemya sen
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Sellecio jacoba('(/ 201 Myers, 1.H.
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Pest Status Chapter 43 Sonchus arve
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Releases and Recoveries Table 51 Sc
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Sone/Ills arvensis L., 209 Skuhravd
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Pest Status Biological Control Stud
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PART III BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FORE
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Page 228 and 229: 220 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green Eva
Page 230 and 231: 222 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green lar
Page 232: 224 M. A. Hulme and G. W. Green abi
Page 235 and 236: Literature Cited Biological control
Page 237 and 238: Pest Status Chapter 46 Background a
Page 239 and 240: Tablc 55 continucd Adelges piceadRa
Page 241 and 242: Table 55 continued Aclelge.\· ph-e
Page 243 and 244: Pest Status Chapter 47 Choristoneur
Page 245 and 246: Literature Cited ChorislOIU'lIfCI f
Page 247 and 248: A. Field development of Bacillus Ih
Page 252 and 253: 244 W. A. Smirnoffand O. N. Morris
Page 254: 246 W. A. Smirnoff and O. N. Morris
Page 258 and 259: 250 J. C. Cunningham and G. M. Hows
Page 261: Table 67 B. Viruses: Application an
Page 267: Literature Cited B. Viruscs: Applic
Page 272 and 273: 264 G. G. Wilson, D. Tyrrell and T.
Page 277 and 278: CephaJogl)pta murinanae Bauer (Hyme
Page 279 and 280: Agria housei Shewell (Diptera: Sare
Page 282 and 283: 274 I. W. Varty experimental biolog
Page 284 and 285: 276 I. W. Varty Further research Li
Page 286 and 287: 27R R. F. Shcphcrd and J. C. Cunnin
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Page 290 and 291: 282 I. S. Otvos and F. W. Quednau C
Page 292 and 293: 2M.. I. S. OtV()S and F. W. Quednau
Page 295: Background Releases and Recoveries
Page 299: Pest Status Background Chapter 51 F
Page 305 and 306: Ontario Gilpitlia Ill'rcylliae (Har
Page 308 and 309: -(I) C c::: o '';:; ::::l .c ';: 30
Page 310 and 311: 302 L. P. Magasi and G. A. Van Sick
Page 313 and 314: Lymcltllria dispar (L.). 305 avian
Page 315 and 316: Table 80 Table 81 Ooenc)'rtus kuvsn
Page 317: Recommendations Literature Cited Ly
Page 321 and 322: Malacosoma disstria J-Hibner. 3/3 1
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Malam.mma disstria Hiibner, 319 Sta
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Pest Status Background Field Trial
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Pest Status Background Field Trials
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Aerial spray trials in Ontario in 1
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Table 85 Neodipriotl {ecomei (Fitch
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Pest Status Background Chapter 58 N
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Table 86 Open releases and recoveri
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PfeoIopbus ba9zonus (Grav.) (Hymeno
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340 K. J. Griffiths, J. C. Cunningh
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342 R. J. Finnegan and W. A. Smirno
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Evaluation of Control Attempts Tabl
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Pest Status Chapter 60 Operophtera
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Evaluation of Control Attempt Recom
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Pest Status Background Chapter 61 O
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Blank Page 358
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360 D. G. Embree. D. E. Elgee and G
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Blank Page 362
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366 J. C. Cunningham and R. F. Shep
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Blank Page 368
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Pristiphora erichsollii (Hartig). 3
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Releases and Recoveries Olesicampe
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376 W. G. H. Ives and J. A. Muldrew
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378 W. G. HIves and J. A. Muldrew R
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Pest Status Background Chapter 65 P
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384 F. W. Quednau Evaluation of Con
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Pest Status Chapter 66 Rhyacionia b
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Rhyaciollia blloliallll (Schiff.).
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c .2 5 :g Cij c Rhyacion;a buoliuna
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Agatbis binominata (Mues.) (Hymenop
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396 Appendix Raske, A.G., Newfoundl
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398 Index of Species Apanlt'les rub
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400 Index of Species Chrysoc/laris
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404 Index of Species lawn 85 leafy
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406 Index of Species pear 211 pecos
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408 Index of Species sibericus. Den
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