Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia - Ethiomedia

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Table 7.1 Value Chain Analysis of Corruption Risks in the Land Sector
Value chain stages Potential forms of corruption
Upstream Policy and Policy formulation • Capture of assets by the elite or narrow vested interests through a range of
legislation and legislation
mechanisms, such as by
º influencing policy and legislation at the expense of society in general;
º failing to ensure adequate resources are available to implement and enforce policy
and legislation; and
º exploiting a lack of clarity in policy and legislation.
Institutions Budget formulation • Funds or equipment for land offices not allocated to the land offices (for example,
and allocation
vehicles needed for field teams captured by head office staff )
• Procurement staff colluding with suppliers (which can result in inappropriate or
substandard equipment or supplies for land offices)
Human resource
management
• Nepotism, fraud, or bribery in appointments to key positions
Downstream Land allocation • Capture of assets by the elite
• Illegal allocation of public land as a result of bribery, fraud, or nepotism, including
º allocation of land that should not be available for allocation because of the existing
or proposed use of the land in question; or
º allocation of land to those either not eligible for the land being allocated or in
preference to others with a clear or better right to the land in question.
• Collusion with applicants to undervalue land being allocated
• Solicitation of informal fees by officials
Land certification • Alteration of records through bribery, fraud, or nepotism
and land records • Incorrect certification of land rights (to deceive others such as potential purchasers or
management
financers) to benefit self by fraud; benefit others as a result of bribery or nepotism; or
extort money from others
• Collusion with applicants to undervalue land being certified or transacted
• Minimization or avoidance of fees and taxes through bribery, fraud, or nepotism