PARLIAMENT AND DEMOCRACY - Inter-Parliamentary Union

210 I PARLIAMENT AND DEMOCRACY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Chile, 58, 70, 110, 135, 188
China, 70, 110, 165
citizens, 4, 5
campaign subventions, 18, 107
contact with parliamentarians, 69–72
means of redress, 74–79
membership in political parties, 90–93
monitoring the opinion of, 109–113
NGO-parliament cooperation, 87–89
participation in legislation, 79–87
political initiatives of, 10, 90–93
civil servants, 33, 123, 129, 133, 170
civil society, 5, 6, 10, 63, 78, 165
gender equality, 87–88, 160
involvement in parliament,
7, 81, 85, 87–88, 188
organisations, 52–53, 82, 96, 143, 162
parliamentary efficiency, 117, 130
special forums / chambers, 85–86, 92
codes of conduct, 96, 98–109
parliamentary attendance, 103–104
party financing and campaigning,
104–109
public vs. private interests, 100–101
register of interests, 101–103
Colombia, 110
committees/commissions
anti-corruption, 131, 146
business, 11, 29, 120
cross-party representation within, 28–29
of enquiry, 28, 135–136
European Affairs Committee (EAC),
169, 171
foreign affairs, 165, 173, 174
future development, 193–196
human rights, 38, 40, 159, 160–161, 187
poverty reduction, 162–163
public accounts, 28, 144–145, 146
reform procedures, 188, 191
communications. See media, the
conduct, standards of. See codes of conduct
conflicts
of interest, 100–103
resolution of, 148–152
constituencies, 15, 59, 190
and minority community representation,
24–25
office facilities, 69–72
constitutional reforms, 108, 149–151, 178.
See also reforms, parliamentary
cooperation, 155
inter-parliamentary, 175–176
international diplomacy, 172–175
NGO-parliamentary, 87–89
technical assistance, 176–179
corruption, 96, 100–101, 131, 146
Costa Rica, 91–92, 110
Cote d’Ivoire, 45, 174, 190
Croatia, 188
Cyprus, 28, 44–45, 174
Czech Republic, 80, 110
debts, national, 161, 162, 164
democracies
established, 189–190
principles of, 3–6, 183
role of government institutions, 4–5
twenty-first century paradox, 1–2
Democratic Republic of Congo, 174
Denmark, 66–67, 75, 110, 117, 123, 169–170
deputy speakers. See presiding officers
developed countries, 116.
See also specific countries
development, international, 117, 161–165
diplomacy, 172–175
disclosure, rules on, 18, 48, 49, 130, 136
discrimination. See gender equality;
human rights
Ecuador, 47, 58, 92, 110
education, 61, 62–67, 161, 165
effective parliaments, 7, 11, 115-182
at the national level, 115-152
at the international level, 155–181
effectiveness versus power, 115, 155
facilities and self-organisation, 116–121
legislative processes, 122–126
multilateral affairs, 157–167
oversight of governments, 127–146
parliamentary cooperation, 172–179
regional integration, 167–172
Egypt, 187
El Salvador, 110
elections, parliamentary, 59
candidate quotas, 23, 25
financing and campaigning, 104–109
free and fair, 13–15
rules and procedures, 13–18
subventions from public, 18, 107
suffrage, 14, 18, 19, 192