PARLIAMENT AND DEMOCRACY - Inter-Parliamentary Union

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types of, 8, 15–17, 69 voter participation, 18, 64 voting records of parliamentarians, 96 electronic parliaments, 124–125 email, 69, 73–74 environment, the, 161, 165 equality of rights, 10. See also human rights minority and marginal communities, 34–35 women, 19–23, 31–34, 88–89, 160–161 Estonia, 63, 110 ethnic communities. See minority and marginal communities European Parliament, 166, 171 European Union (EU), 52, 168–172, 174, 178, 195. See also specific countries executive appointments, 135 Faroe Islands, 66–67 federal states, 7, 26, 78, 125, 146–147, 168. See also specific countries Fiji, 25–26, 190 financing, party, 104–109 Finland, 65, 75, 96, 110, 123–124, 170, 194–196 foreign affairs. See multilateral affairs Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, The 80, 91 forums, 58, 85, 90, 92, 195–196 France, 28, 33, 55, 96, 110, 174 international affairs, 161, 170, 171, 178 national effectiveness, 119, 142, 145, 147 Francophone Parliamentary Association, 175, 176, 177 freedoms, 10, 43. See also rights of expression, speech, 40, 48–50, 56 of information, 46–48, 130 functions of parliament, 5 future planning, 193–196 Gabon, 186 gender budgeting, 88–89, 143 gender equality. See also human rights; rights affirmative action, 22–23 multilateral affairs, 160–161 procedures ensuring, 31–34 representation of women in parliament, 19–23, 184 women’s NGOs, 88–89 Georgia, 174, 178 Germany, 39, 82, 110, 137–138, 169, 179 Ghana, 110 globalisation, 156 Greece, 108, 110, 117, 124, 125–126 Greenland, 66–67 grievance procedures, 74–79 Guatemala, 110 Guinea, 174 Guinea-Bissau, 173 health, public, 76–77, 132, 156, 161, 165 HIV/AIDS, 161 Honduras, 110, 162 Hong Kong, 110 horizontal accountability, 95–98, 107 House of Commons. See Canada; chambers; United Kingdom House of Representatives. See chambers; specific countries human rights, 49, 173, 177, 183, 190. See also gender equality; ombudsmen; rights committees/commissions, 52–53, 74–75, 77–79, 131, 187 international affairs, 158–160 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 14, 46 Hungary, 25, 54, 67, 80, 110, 125, 171 Iceland, 65, 81 immunities of parliamentarians, 37–41 India, 31, 57, 73, 178 parliamentary effectiveness, 118, 120, 130, 147 parliamentary reforms, 189, 193 representation within parliament, 16, 25, 27–28, 35, 40 individual parliament members, 30–31, 134 Indonesia, 57, 165, 176 integration, regional, 167–172 inter-parliamentary cooperation, 175–176 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 17, 58–59, 111, 117 human rights of parliamentarians, 36, 37, 38, 40 international affairs, 148, 159, 166, 180–181 parliamentary cooperation, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177 parliamentary effectiveness, 119, 137, 148–149 parliamentary reforms, 185, 190 technical assistance, 177 women, 19, 22, 32 Index I 211
212 I PARLIAMENT AND DEMOCRACY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY interests, public, 100–101 international affairs. See multilateral affairs international aid, 164–165 international development, 117, 161–165 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 105–107 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 143, 162, 165 Internet, 51, 54 email use, 69, 73–74 parliamentary libraries, 116, 117 parliamentary websites, 58–62 voting records, of parliamentarians, 96 Iran, 173 Iraq, 9, 21, 138, 173 Ireland, 75, 95, 100, 110, 133–134, 174 Isle of Man, 174 Israel, 30, 119, 190, 194 Italy, 1, 25, 29, 31, 91, 110 international affairs, 174, 176, 178 parliamentary effectiveness, 122, 124 parliamentary reforms, 190 parliamentary transparency, 61, 62–63 Jamaica, 47 Japan, 110, 164–165 journalists. See media, the judicial functions, 4, 11, 38, 100, 108, 110 Kenya, 110 Kiribati, 26–27, 63 languages, 10 citizen participation in legislation, 84 equality of rights for minorities, 34 use in parliament, 34–35 Latvia, 61, 80, 110, 171, 193–194 laws. See legislation Lebanon, 85, 187–188, 190–191 legislation, 59 anti-terrorist, 139 citizens’ initiatives, 90–93 committee submissions/public hearings, 79–85 freedom of expression, 48–50 freedom of information, 46–48 human rights, 46–50, 78, 190 implementation and monitoring, 125–126 media regulation, 50–53 on-line facilities, 124–125 quality of, 123–124 role of upper chambers, 125 timetabling, 122–123 ‘whistleblower’ protection, 135–136 women and, 87–89 Lesotho, 110 Liberia, 174 liberties. See freedoms Lithuania, 28, 30, 110 lobbying, 10, 73, 82 lower chambers. See chambers; specific countries Luxembourg, 96–97, 110 Maghreb Union, 176. See also specific countries Malawi, 110 Malaysia, 176 male bias, 19–20 Mali, 69, 80, 110, 150, 174, 192 Malta, 70, 76, 145 Mauritania, 162 Mauritius, 25 media, the, 6, 78, 86, 132. See also Internet access to parliament, 44–46 freedom of expression, 48–50 freedom of information, 46–48 regulation of, 50–53 television (TV), 51, 52–53, 54–58 members of parliament. See parliamentarians Mexico, 14, 55–56, 88, 110, 155, 165 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 161, 162, 163, 165 minority and marginal communities, 86 equality of rights in parliament, 34–35 parliamentary representation, 24–26 minority parties, 28–29, 128, 134 minority quotas, 25 mixed-member systems, 16–17 Monaco, 17 Mongolia, 63, 110 monitoring procedures, 125–126, 163. See also oversight of governments Morocco, 21, 173 Mozambique, 110, 173 multilateral affairs, 155–167. See also cooperation gender equality, 160–161 human rights, 158–160 international development, 117, 161–165 trade, 165–167
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Electoral systems A representative
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Election rules and procedures to en
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■ the fixed office; An accessible
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■ collaborating with NGOs in loca
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ned against excessive reductions in
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■ a public record available on li
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case in Switzerland, the country wi
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An effective parliament (I): The na
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Where parliaments lack capacity thr
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that the Senate, the House of Commo
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consideration of a bill more effect
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National Assembly is currently in t
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Oversight through parliamentary que
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Anti-terrorist legislation An effec
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