PARLIAMENT AND DEMOCRACY - Inter-Parliamentary Union

214 I PARLIAMENT AND DEMOCRACY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
See also effective parliaments
presidential systems, 7, 115–116
career structures within, 119
control over business, 120–121
oversight of governments, 134–135
vs. parliamentary, 117–118
parliamentary oversight, 127
presiding officers, 26–28, 31, 45, 59, 63, 66,
120–121, 157, 186
press, the. See media, the
private interests, 100–101.
See also corruption
private members, 30–31, 134
public accounts committees,
28, 144–145, 146
public forums, 85, 90, 92
public hearings
enabling, 82–85
procedures, 74–82
public interests, 100–101
public involvement, 53–67
guidelines for parliamentarians, 86–87
information centres, 62–63
parliamentary websites, 58–62
youth, 61, 64–67, 161, 165
public opinions, 16, 58, 109–112.
See also elections, parliamentary
quotas, 23, 25
referendums, 90–92
reforms, parliamentary, 184–196
examples, 186–190
facilitators and obstacles, 190–193
sources of, 184–186
regional integration, 155–156, 167–172
regional parliaments, 168
representative parliaments, 7, 10, 13–41
electoral procedures, 13–26
fair and inclusive parliamentary
procedures, 26–41
individual members, 30–31
party inclusiveness, 28–29
politically, 13–18, 28–30
socially, 19–26, 30–35
representatives. See parliamentarians
Republic of Korea, 17, 23, 54, 110,
124–125, 145
Republic of Moldova, 81
reserved parliamentary seats, 23, 25
rights, 4, 10. See also gender equality;
human rights
citizens’ initiative, 90–93
freedom of expression, speech,
40, 48–50, 56
freedom of information, 46–48, 130
minority and marginal communities,
34–35
of parliamentarians, 28–41, 37–39
to seek redress, 74–79
suffrage, 14, 18, 19, 192
veto, 34, 91
Romania, 47, 96, 110, 178
Russian Federation, 85–86, 110
Rwanda, 21
Samoa, 120
Saudi Arabia, 29
schools, involvement of. See education
scrutiny. See oversight of governments
security, 43, 44
anti-terrorist legislation, 139
armed forces, 110, 131, 137–138, 150
Senegal, 29, 110, 134, 142
Serbia and Montenegro, 28
short lists, 23
Sierra Leone, 174
Singapore, 176
Slovakia, 110
Slovenia, 25, 47, 80, 91, 110, 118, 170
South Africa, 57–58, 110, 116
gender issues, 32, 88–89, 160
international affairs, 160, 171–172, 175
parliament accessibility, 83–84, 86, 87
parliament transparency,
43, 45, 52, 63, 64
parliamentary effectiveness, 120, 126,
127–128, 128–129, 146, 147
parliamentary reforms, 189
register of interests, 101–102
Spain, 110
speakers. See presiding officers
Sri Lanka, 70
St. Kitts and Nevis, 66, 84–85, 97, 191
staff, parliamentary, 116–117, 118–119, 177
standards of conduct. See codes of conduct
submissions, committee
enabling, 82–85
procedures, 74–82
subventions, campaigning, 18, 107
suffrage extensions, 14, 18, 19, 192
sunset clauses, 126