Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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93 5.4 Organized Urinary Sediments RED BLOOD CELLS Appearance: Normally RBCs appear in the fresh sample as intact, small and faint yellowish discs, darker at the edges - Measure 7-8 μm - In concentrated urine may be crenated, and their size became small (5-6 μm) - In diluted urine, RBCs may be turgid and increase in size (9-10 μm) - In alkaline urine, they may be small or entirely destroyed forming massive of brownish granules Clinical Implications: When the number of RBCs is found more than their normal range, usually greater than 5 RBCs/HPF it may indicate: • Presence of disease conditions in the urinary tract, such as: • Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis • Renal stone • Cystitis • Prostates • Trauma of the kidney • Presence of parasites, such as: schistosoma. • Presence of bacterial infection, such as: renal tuberculosis • Other disease conditions, such as hemophilia, malignant hypertension. Temporarily (transient) increased RBC may be seen - After strenuous exercise - Exposure to cold temperature Other substances confusing with RBCs Yeast cells, and fat droplets may confuse with RBCs morphologically. <strong>The</strong>y may be differentiated by their morphology.
Red blood cells are some what round or disc shaped, and uniform in size: while yeast cells are oval in shape, and have budding at the surface. On the other hand fat droplets are irregular in size and they are shiny. Another means of differentiating RBCs from yeast and fat droplets is that, when 5% of acetic acid is added under the cover slide, RBCs will hemolize, while yeast cell and fat droplets will not show any change. How to report result: • After looking RBCs under the 40x objective, they can be reported by mentioning the average number of RBCs/HPF. Interfering factors: Factors that may result falsly in high number of RBCs, i.e. without the presence of actual renal or other normal physiological disturbances included: • Menstrual bleeding • Vaginal bleeding • Trauma to peranal area in female patients • Following traumatic cateterization • Due to some drugs, such as, - Aspirin ingestion or over dose - Anticoagulant therapy over dose LEUKOCYTES (WBCs) 94 Normal range: 0-4 WBC/HPF. Appearance: normally, clear granular disc shaped, • Measure 10-15 μm, the nuclei may be visible. • In alkaline urine, they may increase their size and become irregular. • Predominantly, polymorph nuclear neutrophils are seen.
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LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
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Preface i Books on Medical history
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Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
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v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
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Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
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ix This lecture note is prepared fo
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Components of the renal system are
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4 collecting tubule. A number of th
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- Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
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Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
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10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
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12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
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• Distruction of glucose by bacte
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16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
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18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
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• Myxedema • Some type of tubul
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metabolic conditions, the color and
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- By letting it to stand for more t
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• Degree of cloudiness of the uri
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- Look for color change of red litm
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tubules of the nephron, depending o
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Specimen: It should be the first ur
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gravity is elevated because of the
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36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
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38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
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40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71 and 72: due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74: 62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76: urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78: cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80: 68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82: characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84: 72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86: Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88: Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90: peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92: 80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94: The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96: - Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98: 86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100: 88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102: • If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103: 92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 107 and 108: EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110: 98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112: 100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114: 102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115 and 116: 104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118: 106 Report of the Result The bacter
Page 119 and 120: 108 Some drug crystals in the urine
Page 121 and 122: 110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
Page 123 and 124: 112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
Page 125 and 126: 114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128: 116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
Page 129 and 130: 118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132: 120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134: 122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136: 124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138: 126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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