Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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17 Categories of Urine Tests According to their degree of accuracy urine tests are grouped into three broad categories: • Screening tests • Qualitative tests • Quantitative test Screening tests tell only whether a substance is present or absent, and the results are reported as positive or negative. They are done on random specimen. Qualitative tests give rough estimate of the amount of substance present. They are also called semi-quantitative tests. The results of qualitative tests can be graded as negative, trace, +1, +2, +3 or +4. Quantitative tests determine accurately the amount of the substances to be tested. However, since they are time consuming, they are not included in routine urinalysis. Most common quantitative tests performed in urinalysis laboratory are those for sugar and for protein. The results of a quantitative test are usually reported in milligrams per deciliter, gram per deciliter, and per liter. For quantitative test, a complete 24-hour urine specimen is needed. An appropriate preservative should be added to the container or the specimen should be stored in refrigerator. Exercises: Answer the following questions: 1. What type of specimen would be appropriate for both routine urinalysis and bacteriological culture? 2. What essential supplies for collection of urine specimen should be recommended? 3. What type of preservative(s) would be the most useful, and why ?
18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examination Of Urine Objective At the end of this chapter, the student shall be able to carry out physical examination of urine such as odour, volume, color, transparency, foam, specific gravity, pH of uirne and interprete the result of the investigation so that to identify further the necessary type of examination ( chemical or microscopic or both). Introduction Physical examination of urine is the first part of routine urinalysis. It is the simplest procedure of all urine examination, but this simplicity does not mean that any one can do it with out any background knowledge and experience. Physical examination of urine usually gives hint for the subsequent urinalysis. For example, white turbid urine sample may suggest to the technician the presence of Leukocytes (pus cells) and/or Epithelial cells in microscopic examination, and in chemical examination, with positive result of Nitrite. 3.1 Volume Normally, 600 – 2000 ml of urine is voided per 24 hr. Volume of urine excreted is related to: • Individual fluid intake • Body temperature • Climate • Individual’s health status
Page 1 and 2: LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4: Preface i Books on Medical history
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
Page 7 and 8: v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
Page 11 and 12: ix This lecture note is prepared fo
Page 13 and 14: Components of the renal system are
Page 15 and 16: 4 collecting tubule. A number of th
Page 17 and 18: - Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 19 and 20: Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71 and 72: due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74: 62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76: urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78: cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80:
68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82:
characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84:
72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
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Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
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Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90:
peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
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80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
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The pink color is therefore related
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- Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
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86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
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88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
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• If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104:
92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
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Red blood cells are some what round
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EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
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98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
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100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
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102 • Always the condenser should
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104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118:
106 Report of the Result The bacter
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108 Some drug crystals in the urine
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110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
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112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
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114 They can be confirmed by logos
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116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
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118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138:
126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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