Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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CHAPTER TWO 9 Collection And Preservation Of Urine Specimen Objectives It is expected that the information presented in this chapter will enable the student to : • Identfy factors affecting the quality of a specimen. • List the basic rules of urine collection. • Describe types of urine specimens. • Identify the commonly used preservatives and know the advantages and disadvantages of their use. 2.1 Collection of Urine Specimen In order to make Urinalysis reliable the urine must be properly collected. Improper collection may invalidate the results of the laboratory procedures, no matter how carefully and skillfully the tests are performed. Urine Containers There are many types of containers used for collecting urine. Before specimens are collected, the containers must be cleaned and thoroughly dried. Disposable containers of plastic or coated paper are available in many sizes and are provided with lids to reduce bacterial and other types of contamination. Special polyethlene bags are available for collectionn of urine from infants and children who are not toilet trained.URIN-TEK disposable collection system is available for use in collecting, storing, transporting, and testing specimens of urine. The system consists of a flat-bottomed paper collection cup, a 15 ml
10 plastic tube with a plastic snap-cap and self-adhesive identification label.Disposable tube holders are available for handling ten tubes at a time. The patient voids directly into the paper cup, transfers the specimen to the URIN-TEK tube, and covers it with the plastic cap to prevent contamination or spillage. After the label is filled out and attached, the specimen is ready to be transported and analyzed. Specific gravity can be run directly in the URIN-TEK tube if a colorimetric strip or a urinometer is used. By using the convenient reagent strips, many chemical tests can be performed directly in the URIN-TEK tube, making additional laboratory glassware unnecessary. This procedure also decreases the risk of identification errors because transferring and relabeling of the specimens is not necessary. Large, wide-mouthed plastic or glass containers with screw cap tops are used for cumulative collection of urine over a long period of time. These bottles should be kept refrigerated. When urine is to be cultured for bacterial content, the specimen must be obtained under septic condition and collected in a sterile glass container or a sterile disposable plastic container. In either case, the receptacle should be equipped with a tight-fitting, sterile cap. This cap is left in position until the actual time of urine collection, and replaced immediately afterward. Methods of Obtaining Specimens A freshly voided urine specimen is adequate for most urinalysis except the microbiological culture. The patient should be instructed to void directly into a clean, dry container, or a clean, dry bedpan so that the specimen can be transferred to an appropriate container. Specimens from infants and young children can be collected in a disposable collection apparatus. If a urine specimenn is likely to be contaminated with vaginal discharge or menstrual blood, this period has to be avoided and the patient must be informed to bring a clean-voided
Page 1 and 2: LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4: Preface i Books on Medical history
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
Page 7 and 8: v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
Page 11 and 12: ix This lecture note is prepared fo
Page 13 and 14: Components of the renal system are
Page 15 and 16: 4 collecting tubule. A number of th
Page 17 and 18: - Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 19: Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71 and 72:
due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74:
62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76:
urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
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cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80:
68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82:
characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84:
72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86:
Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
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Since all these tests are based on
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peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92:
80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94:
The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96:
- Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98:
86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
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88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102:
• If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104:
92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
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Red blood cells are some what round
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EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
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98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
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100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
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102 • Always the condenser should
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104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
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106 Report of the Result The bacter
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108 Some drug crystals in the urine
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110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
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112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
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114 They can be confirmed by logos
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116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
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118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138:
126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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