Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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7 The creatinine clearance (Ccr) is calculated by collecting a 24 hr urine specimen, and a blood sample as well within the urine collection time. Creatinine is then determined in both urine and serum, and the creatinine clearance calculated in milliliters per minute (ml / minute) Ccr ml / minute = U x V S Where U= Urine Creatinine Concentration in mol/l V= Volume of urine in ml per 24 hrs S= Serum Creatinine Concentration in mol/l Normal Range: The normal Ccr value usually ranges between 110 – 140 ml / minute. Renal Threshold The renal threshold of a substance refers to the highest concentration of a substance, which is present in the blood before it is found in the urine. A substance such as glucose is a high threshold substance, because it is completely absorbed from the glomerular filtrate and is only found in the urine, when the blood glucose level is markedly raised. Urea and creatinine, however, are always present in the urine independent of the blood level because very little, if any, of these substance is reabsorbed.
Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following Questions: 1. Describe the functions of the Urinay System. 2. Explain how Urine is formed by the Nephrons. 3. Mention the factors that determine the selective passage of molecules through the glomerular membrane. 4. Calculate the CcCr of a patient who voided 1500 ml of urine in 24 hrs. The serum and urine concentration of creatinine of the patient are 0.28 mmol/l and 10.5mmol/l respectively.
Page 1 and 2: LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4: Preface i Books on Medical history
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
Page 7 and 8: v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
Page 11 and 12: ix This lecture note is prepared fo
Page 13 and 14: Components of the renal system are
Page 15 and 16: 4 collecting tubule. A number of th
Page 17: - Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70:
It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71 and 72:
due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74:
62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76:
urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78:
cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80:
68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82:
characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84:
72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86:
Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88:
Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90:
peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92:
80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94:
The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96:
- Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98:
86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100:
88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102:
• If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104:
92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 105 and 106:
Red blood cells are some what round
Page 107 and 108:
EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110:
98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112:
100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114:
102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115 and 116:
104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118:
106 Report of the Result The bacter
Page 119 and 120:
108 Some drug crystals in the urine
Page 121 and 122:
110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
Page 123 and 124:
112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
Page 125 and 126:
114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128:
116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
Page 129 and 130:
118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138:
126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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