Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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57 Table .2 Proteins in Urine Protein Albumin Globulins Hemoglobin Fibrinogen Nucleoproteins Bence Jones Condition (s) Strenuous Physical Exercise Emotional Stress Pregnancy Infections Glomerulonephritis Newborns ( Firs Week ) Glomerulonephritis Tubular Dysfunction Hematuria Hemoglobinuria Severe Renal Disease WBCs in Urine Epithelial Cells in Urine Multiple Myeloma Leukemia Tests for Urinary Protein A. Precipitation or Turbidimetric Tests Principle: The general principle of these tests is that protein is either precipitated out of the urine specimen by means of a chemical, which is usually a strong acid, or it is coagulated out of solution with heat. These tests include: - Robert's test - Heller's test - Sulphosalicylic Acid Test - Heat and Acetic Acid Test Turbidimetric test based on acid reagents are non-specific since any urine components, which is insoluble in acid, will give a positive result.
It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to 5 ml ) and requires either disposable tubes or glass tubes which must be cleaned for re-use. The results of the precipitation tests are read in terms of the amount of precipitate or turbidity that is formed in a test tube ( in case of Heat and acetic acid, and Sulphosalicylic acid tests ) or in terms of the size of ring of contact between reagents in case of Robert`s and Heller`s tests. The amount of turbidity or precipitation is roughly proportional to the amount of protein present in the urine specimen, and the results are generally graded as negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+. Since the result in precipitation tests is determined by the presence of either turbidity or a precipitate, it is important that the urine be free from particles or clear before the test is performed. To clear the urine, it should be filtered or centriguged. The clear filtrate is tested for the presence of protein. The non-ring precipitation is read and interpreted as follows : 58 Negative - No turbidity, or no increase in turbidity ( approximately 5 mg/dL or less) Trace - Perceptible turbidity ( approximately 20 mg /dL). 1+ - Distinct turbidity, but no discrete granulation (approximately 50 mg/dL ). 2+ - Turbidity with granulation, but no flocculation (approximately 200 mg/dL). 3+ - Turbidity with granulation and flocculation ( approximately 500 mg/dL). 4+ - Clumps of precipitated protein, or solid precipitate (approximately 1000mg/dL or more ) The Ring Test is read as follows:- Negative - No cloudiness appears at the zone of contact
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LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
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Preface i Books on Medical history
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Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
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v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
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Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
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ix This lecture note is prepared fo
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Components of the renal system are
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4 collecting tubule. A number of th
Page 17 and 18: - Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 19 and 20: Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 71 and 72: due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74: 62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76: urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78: cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80: 68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82: characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84: 72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86: Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88: Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90: peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92: 80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94: The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96: - Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98: 86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100: 88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102: • If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104: 92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 105 and 106: Red blood cells are some what round
Page 107 and 108: EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110: 98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112: 100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114: 102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115 and 116: 104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118: 106 Report of the Result The bacter
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108 Some drug crystals in the urine
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110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
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112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
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114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128:
116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
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118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
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126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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