Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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61 albumin ) by sulphosalicylic acid, Procedure 1. Place 3ml centrifuged urine in a test tube. 2. Add 3 ml of 20 % sulphosalicylic acid. 3. Mix thoroughly and estimate the amount of turbidity 10 minutes later. 4. Read and record results according to the chart given for non-ring precipition test. Preparation of 20 % w/v Sulphosalicylic Acid Reagent (See Reagent Number 14) D. Heat and Acetic Acid Test Principle The test is based on the precipitation of protein by heat. Procedure 1. Fill a test tube three-fourth full of clear urine, and gently heat the upper portion of urine for 2 minutes to boil, being careful not to shake the tube more than necessary. The lower portion of urine is not heated so that it can be used as a control for comparing. Note: Rotate the tube to prevent cracking. 2. Now turbidity ( a white cloud ) can arise due either of phosphates, carbonates, or protein. 3. Add 3 drops of 10% acetic acid drop by drop, boiling between each drop. 4. A white cloud that disappeared is due to phosphates or carbonates. Persistence or development of turbidity implies proteinuria. 5. Read the test and record results according to the chart for nonring precipition test.
62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reagent (See Reagent Number 1) Sensitivity This method is the most sensitive for small amount of protein and can reliably detect protein concentrations of 2 to 3 mg/dl. II. Colorimetric Reagent Strip (Dipstick)Tests The Colorimetric (dipstick) Protein Tests are more specific than Turbidimetric Tests. They require only a drop of urine enough to moisten the reagent area.The Colorimetric reagent strip test is based on the ability of protein to alter the color of some cid-base indicators without altering the pH. When an indicator, such as tetrabromophenol blue is buffered at pH 3, it is yellow in solutions with out protein but , in the presence of protein, the color will change to green and then blue with increasing protein concentrations. In this case the pH of the urine is held constant by means of a buffer so that any change of color of the indicator will indicate the presence of protein. The tests for urinary protein are all commercial ones, that are available as reagent strip, tests (Dipsticks) either alone or in combination with other tests. Example. albustix, Uristix, N-Multistix, Combur3 or Combur9. Although the colorimetric tests are useful primarily as screening tests for protein, these strip tests can be read semiquantitatively as negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, or 4+ to give a rough estimate of the amount of protein present. To do this, the resulting color must be matched closely with the color chart provided with the test strips.The albustix and other multiple-reagent strips produced by ames co. are plastic strips with protein test areas impregnated with citrate buffer and tetrabromphenol blue. The citrate buffer maintains the pH at 3. At pH 3 tetrabromphenol blue is yellow in the absence of protein and
Page 1 and 2:
LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4:
Preface i Books on Medical history
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Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
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v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
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Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
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ix This lecture note is prepared fo
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Components of the renal system are
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4 collecting tubule. A number of th
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- Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
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Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71: due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 75 and 76: urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78: cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80: 68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82: characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84: 72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86: Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88: Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90: peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92: 80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94: The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96: - Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98: 86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100: 88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102: • If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104: 92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 105 and 106: Red blood cells are some what round
Page 107 and 108: EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110: 98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112: 100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114: 102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115 and 116: 104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118: 106 Report of the Result The bacter
Page 119 and 120: 108 Some drug crystals in the urine
Page 121 and 122: 110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
Page 123 and 124:
112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
Page 125 and 126:
114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128:
116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
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118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138:
126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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